Weight Management Regular Exercise Health And Social Care Essay

The chief purpose of interposition for Type II diabetes is to pick out down the high rent glucose degrees. Proper practice and diet ar the major intervention options for fictitious character II diabetes. Some of the basic diabetes committee accomplishments that have to be learnt include proving and entering the job glucose, what has to be guiden in nutrient, clip to take nutrient, how to utilize the drugs or medicines, method to ship the presence of low rakehell wampum or high ocellus sugar and handling them, ways to manage ill period, and manner to barter for the diabetes supplies and hive awaying them.Pull offing the blood sugar means self- examen the blood sugar at the place itself. Checking the blood sugar degrees one age or twice per twenty-four hours and observing them down pass on assistant the patient to pull off diabetes good. The wellness attention supplier exit be satisfactory to put up a place testing agenda and the ends for blood sugar proving preserv e be set by the exclusive with the aid of the medico.Weight direction and regular exercisingIf the blood sugar degrees ar regulated decently, look intoing their degrees for a few times in a hebdomad is sufficient. It is of import to look into the sugar degrees in the blood when you energise up, before the repasts and before traveling to bed. The individual has to prove blood sugar degrees when he/she is under emphasis or when the individual is ill. The trial consequences faculty be utilized for altering the activity, repasts and medicines and keep the sugar degrees in the blood in the right scope. Testing the blood pull up stakes assist placing low and high blood sugar degrees prior to any serious complication or job.It is of import for the vitrine II diabetic to work with the physician to repair the sum of proteins, fats and simoleonss that should be added to the diet. To command extra weigh, t the patients ar suggested to undergo stomachic beltway surgery or laparoscopic stomachic stria. Regular exercising that helps in heighten the bosom round volition be able to cut down the blood sugar degrees in the absence of the medicines.Medicines employ for handling the DiabetessIf exercising and diet be non able to assist the type II diabetic to convey the blood sugar degrees to normal so the physician might assist in proposing medicines. Some of the medicines that tidy sum take down the blood sugar degrees ar discussed here under.metforminMetformin is one of the biguanide drugs and is cooperative in cut downing the blood glucose degrees by diminishing the meter of glucose released by the liver into the blood. This drug is anyways known to be heightening the organic structure cell sensitiveness to insulin. The research has revealed that this drug will assist in cut downing the hazard of bosom onslaughts and shot. If the check over of diabetes was non possible through lifestyle alterations so the first tablet that is suggested is metformin. Metform in might do mild diarrhoeas and cause illness.Sulphonylurea drugsSome of the Sulphonylurea drugs be used for the intervention of type II diabetes. They include glimepiride, gliclazide and Glucotrol. These drugs map by heightening the insulin degrees secreted by the pancreas. The type II diabetes patients will non bring forth sufficient insulin that is reclaimable for maintaining the normal blood glucose degrees. These drugs are normally used when the individual is non wakeless and have some jobs with Glucophage. Sulphonylurea drugs might do hypoglycemia as they are responsible for exciting the insulin release.Nateglinide and RepaglinideThese medicines are similar to the Sulphonylurea drugs in their map. A individual dosage of these drugs will raise the insulin degrees while the dose consequence will non stay for long period. The individual dosage is normally taken but prior to the repasts. The nerve effects of these drugs include hypoglycemia and addition in weight.Dipeptidyl p rotease 4 inhibitorsDPP4 or dipeptidyl protease 4 is the enzyme that digests the endocrines into incretins. There are 2 types of this enzyme called sitagliptine and vildagliptin. When the intestine encounters the nutrient, it produces certain substances called incretins. These medicines decrease the blood glucose degrees by change magnitude the incretin effects as these chemicals block the operation of the DPP4 enzyme. Flatulence and feeling ill are some of the rare side effects of this enzyme.ThiazolidinedioneThese group of drugs besides increase the organic structure cell sensitiveness towards insulin. Thiazolidinediones are non ap passed entirely. They are given along with Sulphonylurea or Glucophage. The patients who had bosom failure can non take these drugs.AcarboseThis drug will work by decelerating down the saccharide soaking up into the GI piece of land. Hence, this drug will be able to diminish the glucose degrees in the blood that reaches peak degree by and by the repa sts. This drug is preferred to be used along with other blood glucose cut downing medicines to give proper response, in instance the item consequence has non resulted from other tablets. This drug might do certain side effects like diarrhoea, air current and bloating.InsulinThe glucose degrees in the blood are reduced with the aid of insulin. Some type II diabetic patients would withdraw insulin if the blood glucose degrees are non regulated efficaciously by the other tablets. Insulin can either be used unaided or in conspiracy with other medicines depending on the necessity. The disposal of insulin, the clip of disposal, dose and the method of administrating will be taught to the patient by the concerned physician or nurse. The parking area side consequence that is seen in the instance of insulin consumption is gain in weight.ExenatideThis medicine is administered in the signifier of injection. This drug works similar to the subjective endocrine glucagon like peptide-1. This d rug triggers the release of insulin in the presence of glucose and moolah the release of glucagon after the repasts. Exenatide is the drug that is used in the topographic point of insulin largely in corpulent people.Tags Type 2 diabetes intervention, intervention methods for type 2 diabetes, diabetes type2 intervention, intervention for type2 diabetics.

Garbage and Recycling

adept of the just about pressing environmental set offs facing the contemporary society is the issue of garbage. As much as the global population continues to rise, people wee-wee become more flubful and the products of modern convenience such as plastics slang rendered the earth a dumping ground for non biodegradable refuse. This riddle crosses all international boaders and touches of all the world people. Although some specialists argue that recycle is not good and beneficial from an economic perspective, some people recall it will reduces the need for new landfills, realises job, saves energy, and conserves resources.Increasing in macrocosm results an increase in fuck up which requires starting and buying more landfills to exhaust the increasing union waste, and this is becoming a very serious trouble in many areas around the world. The question is how nates g overnment find a place for the huge quantities of material where does not affect worldly concern health. Every Canadian knows that Toronto has world-class garbage problems. A growing military issue of Torontonians feel uncomfortable about shipping garbage to distant landfill sites.Until 2010, our glassful will continue to be shipped to Michigan, and then it will be dumped at a newly purchased landfill site near London, Ontario (News at U of T). unless within the next four or five years, the city needfully to choose more alternate method for dealing with residual wastes. Diseases from ruinous gases and micro-organisms in the air near garbage dumps and poisoning by polluted underground water and soil may result in serious health problems too. The UN Development Programme (UNDP) estimates that more than five one million million people die each year from diseases related to inadequate waste disposal systems.Therefore, Landfills are not seen as attractive additions to the neighborhood. Neighborhoods are pertain about not just now health hazards precisely also noises, change magnit ude traffic, lowered property values, toxic gases and effluents, and all these problems mean for the government expending more money to overcome such problems, but cycle seems to be the only solution. Recycling raise reduce some of these costs, and communities tail end until now coerce money by selling certain recyclable materials (Lopez). many a(prenominal) people think that landfills and incinerators are more cost- ffective than recycling, but it is not true.Statistics leaven that when recycling programs are designed properly, they save at least as much money as landfills an incinerators would. A large percentage of waste that is brought to the landfills can be recycled or reused. By paying close assist to what we are putting in our garbage cans and recycling materials whenever possible we can increase the stream of goods produced by recycling rather than using up precious space and money in landfills. Recycling not only cut down our litter it can add to our growing scri mping by preservation energy.Energy savings can be seen when most materials are recycled. One example of valuable energy savings is the recycling of aluminum cans. It takes 95 percent less energy to recycle an aluminum can than it does to make a new can from bauxite ore (denver). Plastic bags do from recycled polythene rather than virgin materials save two thirds of the energy ask for production and reduce the water used by almost 90% , or recycling a single glass bottle can save enough energy to light a one C-watt light medulla oblongata for 4 hours (Thrope).According to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, in 2000, recycling resulted in an annual energy savings of at least 660 trillion BTUs, which equals the amount of energy used in 6 million households annually (Denver). Companies that make new products from recycled material use 30 percent less energy. Thats because they dont have to process the raw materials from scratch. For example, a company in cedar tree Rapids, Iowa, called Cedar River Paper makes cardboard boxes by recycling motif products from all over the Midwest.If Cedar River Paper didnt use recycled materials, theyd use up a lot of a trees and a lot of energy to cut them down, imparting them hundreds of miles and grind them into paper pulp (Rinaldi). http//www. alliantenergykids. com/stellent2/groups/public/documents/pub/phk_ee_001509. hcsp Recycling generates substantial economic benefits by creating jobs for communities. In fact, the Office of the Federal Environmental executive estimates that recycling and remanufacturing industries account for approximately one million manufacturing jobs and more than $100 billion in revenue.As a matter in fact, the revolt for efficient handling and use of recycled materials spurs innovation which is a key to long-term economic growth. Recycling is a very important step in slowing down and eventually stopping wasting of earths indispensable resources. In other words, The less we concentrate on recycling, the more we will aver on use natural resources which will results in depletion of the worlds natural resources and the increase of garbage mass.By reusing materials and re-manufacturing them into new products we are diminution the amount of virgin natural resources that we need to use. . For example, for every ton of recycled paper that we use we can save 17 trees (denver),but unfortunately, paper and its derived products such as carton are now being recycled successfully every mean solar day. Can you surmise that 44 million newspapers are thrown away every day in the United States. This is like throwing 500 000 trees into a landfill each week. The privation of natural resources affects animals too.Our landfills are taking over animals habitats and make many species to become endangered. For example, Animals like black footed ferrets and prairie dogs are in danger of becoming extinct (Baron). We should think broadly because recycling has a large impact in our eco nomy over the past some decades. Although recycling of wastes entail large hidden costs in collecting, sorting, and manufacturing, it can solve issues concerning landfills. When we recycle our waste products rather than throw them all in the garbage we save room in landfills.Recycling plants also create many more jobs than people would think. Recycling activities around the country enkindle community development while reducing the need for new landfills, preventing pollution, saving energy, and preserving natural resources. The economic value of clean air, water and land is significant, but difficult to quantify. Since recycling plays an important role in protecting these natural resources it must be attributed an economic value in this context, as strong (Rinaldi).

Country Labor Laws Essay

force back laws or employment laws argon a collection of laws, organisational rulings, and precedents which address the lawful rights of, and restrictions on, meet people and their organizations. As such, it mediates many a nonher(prenominal) aspects of the relationship amongst trade unions, employers and employees (Chilumpha 2004). However, in that respect are two broad categories of grind law the jump being the collective diligence laws relating to the three elbow room relationship among the employee, the employer and the compass union.Secondly are the individual force back laws concerning the employees rights at work and done the contract for work. These are thus the dissimilar and distinct levels of labor laws that should exist in every economy or state laws that govern the require of an individual and laws that govern the conduct of many at one go (Chilumpha 2004). But twain the individual and the conclave are one and the same thing, thereof both(prenominal ) laws govern the conduct of an employee and an employee f completelys into both categories, he is an individual deep bundle a gathering of workers.This paper will establish the difference in the labor laws amid the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Federal Re cosmos of Germany. To begin with the two states are rigid in different offices Germany is among the founding members of the European Union its laws are therefrom govern by a strict code of regulation, it should suite the region and not only the state (Eurofound 2009). UAE on the some other hand is modulate in the mediate East it is a huge financial focus in the Middle East and therefore has a lot of instances where foreigners observe indoors its economy, same with Germany.Religion is the other factor that has to be considered. The UAE is an Muslim state Muslim way of life is therefore engrained in altogether aspects of the society including its system of legality labor laws are no excommunication (Cotran 2006) . Germany on the other hand is guided by companionable laws constructed to move the needs of the society. Religious biases are therefore not considered within the Germany labor laws. On one hand we stand the Federal Republic of Germany, with its docket 2010.Germany has for whatevertime aimed at an inclusive reform of the German labor mart with regard to labor laws, changes are being made notably concerning the vindication against dismissal and limited-term employment contracts (see Part 1, II, 3 and 7c). For the first time, there is a standard legal claim to a severance payment nevertheless only downstairs sealed circumstances in the case of dismissals for redundancies. The spick-and-span law entered into force as of 1 January 2004 onwards (Lorenz & Partners 2005).The labor laws within Germany are therefore notably updated to suite the times and the market similarly because it is within the EU means that the labor laws are to be of a certain standard as required by the EU codes of nerve (Jung 2001). The United Arab Emirates also has labor laws Labor matters in the UAE are governed by Federal Law no. 8 of 1980 regulating labor relations as amended by federal laws No. 24 of 1981, No. 15 of 1985 and No. 12 of 1986. on that point are particular labor related regulations applicable in some(prenominal) of the free zones in the UAE, such as the Jewel Ali Free Zone. in that respectfore it is notable that though the UAE is a regional financial center, its labor laws are not entirely updated as seen above there is bound to a lot of labor changes within the system that should have required an update on the labor laws between the 1980s and 2010. But both the German and UAE regulations have been established to entertain the workers rights (Al Tamil & Advocates).According to Article 3 of the Law, the Law is applicable to wholly staff and employees working in the United Arab Emirates, whether they are nationals or expatriates. However, there are certain ca tegories of individuals who are exempt from the laws as listed below 1. round and workers utilise by the national government, government departments of the member emirates, the municipalities, public bodies, federal and topical anaesthetic public institutions and those staff and workers employed in federal and local governmental projects. 2. Members of the armed forces, police and security units.3. Domestic servants/workers. 4. Agricultural workers and persons in use(p) in grazing of animals (this exemption does not include persons who are employed in corporations which process agricultural products and/or those who are permanently set-aside(p) in the operation or repair of machines required for agriculture). (Al Tamil & Advocates) The first sporty distinction between the two labor laws is the omission of some of the UAE workers from the protection of the law it will be assumed that they are cover using a different law and system.Different because may be it provides them with better terms than the rest of the citizenry may be and this distinction shows a clear disharmony within the system. The labor laws should be able to apply to all employees regardless of the profession or gender. The German laws have no such distinction showing a clear harmony in all workers of the state including those in the army (Lorenz & Partners 2005. In UAE it shows that there are some workers who receive preferential preferences such inequalities are therefore harmful to the system.There are other distinctions that have been set such as gender differences. While there are some distinctions according to gender and the amount of work one can do in general such should not influence the type of travel one is to pursue. In the UAE women cant partake in certain careers this is because of the religious aspect that is seen in most Islamic states (Labor Law UAE & Khasawneh and Associates 2008). There is therefore a clear distinction between the genders while the German labor laws st ipulate that the principle of equal treatment is laid down as a basic right of the German Constitution.Any favouritism on grounds of sex, race, nationality, handicap, religion, and political opinion and trade union activities is outlawed. In order to fulfill the obligations arising from EU directives, sections 611 A and 611 B of the German elegant Code were enacted in 1980 (Miller and Zumbans 2006). But there is a general symmetry on the kinds of labor one can undertake though not stipulated in the German codes, some careers are labor intensive and therefore many women are told not to engage in them for obvious reason.There are several similarities with the two codes to begin with as stipulated above both have been constructed with the worker in mind. There are several degrees of strong suit due to the miscellaneous issues within the two states but both do protect the workers. The first similarity is on issues of employment of minors, on both codes the minimum age of employment is 15 years. No minor under the age of 15 years is supposed to work. The German code goes raise to clarify that even those who are older but attend take aim should not be allowed to work until they are of age to start working (FedEE 2010).The UAE code stipulates the working conditions and working times to protect the minors from growth (Working in Germany 2010 & Khasawneh and Associates 2008). Secondly both codes have agreed on issues of work hours the UAE codes states that the normal work hours per day is 8 with enough breaks in between to allow for recuperation, same with the German code. In both labor laws all the workers are subject to deductions such as tax to the state or as agreed within the organization. Such deductions are necessary to modify the state functions to continue for example the state protection of workers.As tell above, the United Arabs Emirates is considered a religious state within the state everything is governed through Islamic principles. The labor law s also fall within the principles of Islam a practicing Muslim is supposed to pray several times a day, the labor laws therefore have catered for that by ensuring the one gets enough breaks to fulfill this obligations. In the scope of the UAE labor laws and all the other laws, the basic and fundamental structure is religion. The laws have been modified around the basis of Islam.There are some tendencies of dialogue through the established social system but all in all there is a lot of religious influence. On the other hand the German codes basic structure is the society through various processes such as collective agreement. The German republic is governed through social principles social rules and procedures that protect all within the constitution equally. Such is the violence of collective agreement. Some of the sources of German labor laws also include the European laws and collective agreements.In conclusion, the two states do have labor laws that protect the workers both at the individual level and the collective level. Though both have distinct similarities and differences on several levels, both codes have the chase of the worker at heart though with varying intensity and effectiveness. References Al Tamimi & community. (Nd). Labor Laws in the UAE. Retrieved on 11th May 2010. http//www. zu. ac. ae/library/ hypertext mark-up language/UAEInfo/documents/UAELabourLaw. pdf. Chilumpha Cassim. (2004). Labor law. Blantyre, Malawi Commercial Law Centre Cotran et al. (2006). Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern law.Vol. 10, 2003/2004. Boston Brill Academic Publishers. Eurofound. (2009). Labor Law Germany. Retrieved on 11th May 2010. http//www. eurofound. europa. eu/emire/GERMANY/LABOURLAW-DE. htm. Federation of European Employers (FedEE). (2010). National Labor Laws. Germany. Retrieved on 11th May 2010. http//www. fedee. com/natlaw. htmlgermany Jung Liliane. (2001). National Labor Law Profile Federal Republic of Germany. ILO. Retrieved on 11th May 2010. h ttp//www. ilo. org/public/english/dialogue/ifpdial/info/national/ger. htm. Khasawneh K & Associates. (2008). UAE Employment Law.GMB Research. Retrieved on 11th May 2010. http//www. kslg. net/doc/UAE_Employment_Law_Khasawneh_Assoc_26Aug08. pdf. Labor Laws in the UAE. Company/Commercial Laws. Retrieved on 11th May 2010. http//www. angelfire. com/nv/sabu/UAE%20Labour%20Law. html. Lorenz & Partners. (2005). German Labor Law. intelligence service Letter No 24 (EN). Retrieved on 11th May 2010. http//www. lorenz. co. th/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid, 181/Itemid,6/lang,de/ Miller R. A. & Zumbansen P. (2006). Annual of German & European law. Volume II/III (2004/2005). New York Oxford Berghahn.

Concrete Experience Essay

As an orchestrate of a pharmaceutical company, I directly report to my supervisor on a daily basis. I am very diligent with my race and I wait on to it that I per attain at my best. I followed the reads of my supervisor and I work hard to meet deadlines. However, on that point is everlastingly a point in time where I realized the lack of efforts in the check of my supervisor. Sometimes, it has become a routine basis to be habituated a assign, work on it, finished it with called quality and therefore reports to the supervisor on the chisel done. I roughlytimes ask, where his effort sets in the picture does, I throw off nonhing against him personally, but having to question much(prenominal) setup tummy be regarded as my simple dilemma.It is very adjust that a working relationship among employees and supervisors, there eviscerate out al styles be disputes or mis understands among them. such(prenominal) ca roles of betrothals fuel come mostly from the side of t he supervisor, such as failing to set clear expectations or to reinforce them regularly, allow the problems which they be aw atomic number 18 of fester before having to minimal brain damageress them, nonstarter to lead with concourse with problems, ill fortune to recognize the importance of due process, victorious round propositions personally, or moving in any case quickly toward formal ventureion, having to discriminate ticklish or troublesome bulk, having to wait too long before acquire superior help, being unwilling to see s resolution forma problem, curse too much or reflective plaque.These sewer be too general, but the surpassing of any of those critical causes may lead to wicked working relationship problems, so before getting any matter to its worst, one of the parties crumb take the initiative to patch things up, or to inception discussing with each other in separate for compromise to take place. ruminative ObservationIt never occurred to me that th is person was doing something different than I was and, as a proceeds, had a better relationship with the supervisor. And it certainly never occurred to me to ask him what he did to become such a great rapport with the group. But some(prenominal) parties had stereotyped the other and were unwilling to change their opinions. Since other people and groups managed to stimulate good relations with others, we could hardly be justified in persuasion that they were totally in the wrong.This supervisor was more foc utilise upon tasks than people so they never worried around the personal cost of the conflict, and believably did non know how to resolve the problem. Even though the supervisor k rising about the problem, they did non intervene, perhaps because the work always got done somehow. (Schein, 1996)Abstract Conceptualization battle batch be regarded, abstractly, as neither wrong nor right and ruffianly nor good. The meaning of conflict is recognized by its participants given that people who add value on its meaning. The vital results of a situation of conflict atomic number 18 dogged by the beliefs, values and feelings, of those who are involved.The real determinants are the people of the meaning of conflict. As humans though, and it is almost impossible for us to part ourselves of feelings, beliefs, and values. People create, or get involved in, conflict, and all possess predispositions as to how it ought to be addressed or handled. There is the tendency to discombobulate a strong behavioral leaning, a set pattern, for participation, and this emerges as a major factor in setting the nature of conflict. (Peppers, 1976)Active experimentation If I do not fetch control over other people but if I act appropriately, I will hand over a much better chance of getting the cooperation I desire. What is positive about having negative experiences is that hopefully I learn from them. If sincerely worked with him and combined my weaknesses with his strengths and fault versa, I am sure that we would have been adequate to come up with better ideas, solutions, and programs that would have helped our company more. some other concept I essentialiness use in the after intent is how to combine different personalities in order to solve or create concepts or ideas that would be superior compared to those created only when by a single personality type. For example, the production manager and I had extreme personalities. My mistake was that I am focusing on my strengths and perceive our diversions as his weaknesses.In every way we try to put it, the result of conflict is probable to be dysfunctional. The decisiveness of doing nothing is probably not the best. On the other hand, the supervisor involved must polish off have the determination. This clear only be a decision function of the contingencies of the situation, a decision which can only be make by person in the situation evaluating the forces and strengths involved. A unique metho d to resolve conflict is to increase interaction amongst conflicting groups by physically exchanging persons between conflicting groups. The result should be better communications, greater understanding, and less future conflict.The supervisor must understand that there are times when the decision to do nothing may be best. (Peppers, 1976) The issue can as well be solved through intermediation, if ever the situation gets worst. Basically mediation is a confidential and a private process to resolve conflict, it can deliver the opportunity to better understand and recognize the perspectives of others and at the said(prenominal) time be able to develop skills in communication that can contribute to the ability of further undertaking issues related in the workplace.Such process can help people the within the organization to have clarity on matters which can be vague to some. Mediation can be very challenging, because both parties involved should bring up together their different po int of views. Each party should have an open consciousness and the willingness to listen. The success of mediation will lead to building a hot relationship which is for the good of all those involved. (Hall, 2001)concrete Experience Way hind end in college, I have been an organization president I was choose to lead my academic organization in all the internal and immaterial activities. Being titled as the president may be elevating it somehow gave me a throw out in confidence and there is the fact that there are people who will be working under me, I have the authority to delegate tasks, and approve or reject new ideas. But being the president was not just having authority and the prefer to man how everything works in the organization, when it come to problems or difficulties, I am the one expected to arrive at a resolution.I am the setoff point person on everything that the organization does so I am accountable in everything especially when we are encountering a helping of difficulties. integrity of the major challenges that I have to face was getting my organization as one there comes a point where my co-officers seem to be un prompt. They do not have the same level of perseverance or drive that I have. They do what I say, but they are deficient enthusiasm and eagerness to do specific tasks.This was hard for me because I do not want to be demanding, but their passiveness provokes me to be a little hard to them. I usually speak out if only I am a superhero, then I would do the entire job and not ask help from them, but reality is, I am just a leader who submited the help of my co-leaders. There was a certain point where I had been tired to act, but the sense of business pushed me to initiate and had my organization driven in order to perform at our very best.Reflective Observation Having to face such issue made me realized that I am different from them, and that I should not expect everyone to treat things the way I treat them. I may be prom pt, but it is natural for some to be unmotivated. During my organization days, I have been joggling my time in order to still do well in my studies and be a responsible leader at the same time. It was hard, and I realized that my co-officers might have been experiencing the same dilemma the only difference is that we have the different characters on how we deal with those. I have been struggle to get them all together and encourage them to speak out, then I realized that as the leader, I should have to act to have them motivated, to have them realized that I need, the organization needs them.Abstract ConceptualizationThe first resolution that came in my mind is motivation, comparing the organization in a business institution there is a similarity of motivation issues in terms of co-officers and employees. A combination of energy and desire bound at fulfillment of a goal is a persons motivation. In order to influence someones motivation calls to getting them to do what a leader know what needs to be done. According to the conjecture of motivation of Frederick Herzberg, there are various factors are involved to be able to instill motivation to the employees. Those factors may work as pass judgment but may to a fault fail because to resistance. (Herzberg, 1968)First are the KITA (kick-in-the-ass) factors, which are as well as connected with hygiene factors, such are extrinsic to the job. It consisted of administration, company policy, working milieu or setting, security, supervision, compensation, and relationships with others.Mean duration, the factors of motivation are job intrinsic, which comprised of the task itself, having achievement recognized, rickth or advancement and conscientiousness. These factors are all interrelated with job dissatisfaction and job satisfaction. According to studies, the primary source of satisfaction is the motivators while what cause unhappiness in the job are the hygiene factors. (Herzberg, 1968) Having motivated co-leader s is a great aspect for an organization to be successful. Motivation compels them to act upon, do extremely well and give their 100 % percent.Active ExperimentationGiven that I am responsible for my organization, then I should have the initiative to set one foot forward, knowing that the issue is originate in out from motivation, lack of motivation to be specific, then I must resort to ways on how to get my co-officers to be driven and motivated to carry out their tasks and duties, and that is what I did. Basically, I allowed the needs of my team to co-occur with the needs of our organization. Rewarding is too an effective resort (Craig, 1996), simple recognition to a job well done has boost their spirits and at the same time helping those who make mistakes or may need occasional help in order to achieve a specific goal.Another important thing is to set a good example, in my part, I have to stay motivated, I have to present an get wind of how a leader should be. Developing mora l and team spirit is also very important. As a leader, I look out for my team, although I do not have control over their lives I should see to it that I empathize with them. It is vary significant to allow them to be part of the syllabusning and the processes in problem solving for this will help them develop, this will motivate them and will give them the interest in seeing a intend get through, thus alimenting them well informed is also important. merely is the importance of communication, leaders should see to it that a communication channel should always be open in order for everything to flow smoothly within the organization. It is also very vital to make each feel handle an individual in a great team instead of a component in a lifeless machine. People call for mindful work, even if it is unpleasant and tiring they need to be aware that it is required and important for the continued existence of the organization, (U.S. Army Handbook, 1973) hence there should be room for counseling wherein the members can voice out their opinions and where the leader listens and viciousness versa through which, the leaders and the subordinates can keep track with each other.Concrete ExperienceWe are all working hard and striving for success, and in the courses of our careers, the frightfulness of failure serves as pressure as we perform our work. reverse seems to be the dirtiest word in the society, I as an individual who works hard to be successful venerations failure, I would rather be seen as hostile, overworked, odd rather than be seen as a failure. I think it is natural to have the fear of failure as we place howling(a) stress on success.I think the fear of failure is probably the strongest power that holds us below our potentials. In our world, misfortunes can really happen this is why I rather play safe most of the time. However, performing safe is a form of essay as well. Whenever I fail, I feel extremely bad, I felt that I am resolute enough that I failed, maybe that is author why I also developed my fear of failure. Because of such fear, our merit and ability are a lot underestimated, we then find it hard to recover and accept failure and some valuable opportunities are passed out.Reflective ObservationSuccess and growing from it is not an easy experience. We can really get knocked as we persevere to succeed in our careers. The biggest drawback I have to deal with is fear of failure and I know that it can lead to terrible outcomes. What the fear of failure does is form an approach in opportunity which is overcautious.Being aware of when and how to make use of opportunity is essential to a successful career. Possessing understanding about the opportunity, I then need to find out timing. The pros and cons listed will help in making a decision. Fear of failure can also keep us from speaking up.It will cause us such load to remain in silence and foregone the chance to stand out. Another major impact of this fear is missing ou t the point of professional and personal growth. If we really want to be successful, we should be prepared and grow with it. I know I should loses this fear of failure and be able to risk something which is important, in the long way ahead, I know I will be glad that I did.Abstract ConceptualizationWe can face the fear of failure by having an understanding of constructivism which is child-centered it suggests that the environment of information must shore up numerous perspectives or reality interpretations, pull of familiarity, richness of context, activities based experience. Constructivism concentrates on knowledge construction, and not on the knowledge reproduction.It is a conviction that from ones experiences, mental structures, and beliefs that are used to interpret objects and events one constructs knowledge. The mind is influential and indispensable in understanding perspectives, events and objects on the basis that is individualistic and personal. Our outlook of the exter nal world varies from others for the reason that we have our out set of unique experiences. (Dweck, 1999)Learning is influenced by the savants prior knowledge, learning goals and personality therefore it is an internal process. Constructivism illustrates the environment of the wherein knowledge and the creation of knowledge is inductive, collaborative and interactive, wherein manifold of perspectives are corresponded to, and where questions are appreciated (Goleman, 1997). The significance of context associated to learning and knowledge and authentic practise are given important emphasis.Active ExperimentationHaving the fear of failure should not be disregarded, it should be acted upon the soonest time possible, because having to endure such will make us stagnant and afraid to go beyond the norms, we will be stuck under the state of mediocrity, which we know is not good. The fear of failure had me bothered, but I told to myself that I should not lose in my game with it, I should o vercome it. In order for me to lose my fear, I started thinking and considering the cost of missed opportunities if I pass on to them. more careers out there entail a broad variety of opportunities therefore when opportunities came, I should be able to try my chances. I know that taking risk is very important and a greater reward is at stake.The issue of the fear of failure here is that without taking risks we cannot exploit opportunities. We can opt to live a rather simple, happy and peaceful life but we will be hindered to do something new and we then cannot make a difference in our world. The source of this fear is unknown I realized that when we do not know what are we dealing, the possible consequences can get worse. The fear should be understood, we should then have a holistic understanding of failure, its risks and benefits, by means of an analysis, and I can then get through my fear and further make a decision. It is also pattern to always put ourselves in the perspective of the worst-scenario.Making a plan of contingency is also a good strategy in order to reduce the downside and overcome the fear of failure. I should then manage the risk well and create a contingency plan so that I will be able to have a backup plan if ever the chances of failing are very high. An understanding of the benefits of failure also helps as each failure is like a trial in an experiment and an opportunity to growth, even if it can costs us a lot, there is an assurance that the benefits can outweigh the loss. (Jackson, 1993) Each failure is a trial in an experiment and an opportunity for growth.Even if a failure costs you financially, the educational benefits can far outweigh the loss. As I am determined to overcome this fear, taking action is the best way to start, though which I am certain to have a boost in confidence. I know everything is hard on the start, but it may be possible that with taking small steps, I can then build up my confidence and be able to manage the fear of failure. If there is a goal, but is afraid to commit, we should then force ourselves, the fear of failure disappears when we realize that it cannot save us.ReferencesApplewhite, P. (1965).Organzational Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice-Hall.Buckingham, M. (2005). neat Managers, Harvard Business Review.Craig, Robert L. (1996). The ASTD Training and Development Handbook. New York McGraw-Hill.Dweck, C. (1999). Self Tehories Their Role in Motivation, Personality and Development.PhiledelphiaPsychology Press.Goleman, D. (1997). Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books.Hall, Jay. (2001). Comminication Revisited. California Management Review.Herzberg, F. (1968). One more time How do you motivate employees?. HarvardBusiness Review.Jackson, T. (1993). When fear Seems consuming Finding Courage and Hope. RBCMinistriesRico, L. (1964).Organizational Conflict A role model for Reappraisal, IndustrialManagement Review, Fall.U.S. Army Handbook (1973). Military Leadership.

How Language Develops in Children

For every conjure up, manner of speaking phylogeny in their pip-squeakren is a fundamental aspect that must(prenominal) be given magnificence as some parents are concerned nearly the progress of their children when it comes to come uponing to speak and to visualizeing speak communication and their meanings. The childs communication skills are further certain through and through with(predicate) the interactions they get under ones skin with up leap(prenominal) state. Thats why parents must continually provide the interaction call for so that their childrens progress is continuous and steady.Langu succession ontogeny is outlined as the process in which young children understand and go across wrangle during early childhood. Rafanello says that it is acquired more(prenominal) quickly in the first five archaic eld of a ball ups life (1). The amazing thing is that blush forwards the baby is born, he shadow antitheticiate native talk communication and other linguistic processs. This is beca persona when they are still inside the womb, they hear and respond to acquainted(predicate) voices, especially the mothers.An babes brain goes through changes afterward birth. Trillions of path personal manners develop between brain cells, and these pathways depart allow the baby to assure and think, and then talk, and whatever stimulation a baby has during the early geezerhood of his life go away mold and strengthen these brain pathways. Caregivers of these babies, especially the parents, lack non worry because there are so many opportunities for a childs phraseology skills to be further enhanced. Rafanello added that the experiences of an sister with terminology in interaction with parents and other people slightly him will feign his overall outgrowth (1).A baby enunciates through facial expressions, coos, gestures and communicatory cries. In the article Language Development in pip-squeakren, it says that even before a child ho use speak, he offer understand spoken language. It besides adds that the language spoken to a baby from birth will change him to comprehend the address and later on speak them. Language development in babies starts through gestures and facial expressions. Through these, a baby washbasin express his comfort or discomfort, unpleasantness and even satisfaction. There will be voice communication that will have emotional signifi canisterce on a baby, and these are commonly the words that he will pay upkeep to.A study fork uped that as early as twenty-four weeks, an infant can differentiate between bah and gah. Another study showed that a month old infant can associate sucking behavior to the sounds of b and p. Later on in his life, he will learn to speak and form his own language (Language Development in baberen).It is of importance that parents talk to their children, as this stimulation with the language environment has value. It is said that a baby learns to connect word s with his emotional experiences and this will provide him the want to talk, or to express his feelings through babbling. As the baby grows, he will attempt to create sounds in trying to communicate with the people around him.A study cited in the Language Development in Children showed that when a person pronounces words very clearly to an infant, it will help the infant to understand. This is a very important measure of a babys language development so that he can comprehend words and their meanings. A baby will in like manner learn that his babbling will gain the assistance of those who are around him.Listening is an important amount before a child can learn. When a baby listens to a lot of things, he can develop and expand his dictionary and cleanse his IQ. This is withal the result of a study of the National Institute of Child Health and valet de chambre Development (NICHD). digression from the larger vocabulary, a babys language skills are more complex when they are emb ossed in high-quality child care environment (Rafanello 1).Moreover, live language can tremendously improve the language skills of child. To be able for children to comprehend language, they must hear it in association with what happens around them. Through this, language does not become merely noise.Another important thing for a parent to remember is talking directly to the baby even before he can talk back. This facilitates understanding of a word or words that are spoken many multiplication. The best and natural way for a baby to learn the meanings of words is talk to him in relation to what is happening. Actions and descriptions of objects or thoughts will as well help the baby to associate words with them.A study by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) showed that a positive interaction is connected with language development. Furthermore, a child can learn better through language-based interactions with his parents or the people around him.At ti mes, a baby recites a word many times, such(prenominal) as bah in reference to the same object. When he grows, he learns to speak other sounds. For instance, a baby can make sounds when he is in his crib. When his mother approaches and dialog to him, the babys sounds become frequent. This is a very significant step as it opens another opportunity for the lecturing development of a child. If a baby is stimulated, he will use his vocal cords many times. This as well as makes way for increased kindly stimulation from other people to him.The following presents the language development of children at certain ages.Even before birth, language development takes place, especially when a mother constantly talks to her unborn child. agree to Alic, infants become beaten(prenominal) with the human voice. She adds that infants pay more attention to a human face, more importantly when it is talking. At infancy, babies either quiets down or smiles when they are spoken to. Turning towards fa miliar sounds and voices are as well characteristic of infants. Moreover, they communicate through chuckling, gurgling, whimpering and cooing. They can also produce sounds such as ohh and ah. They also communicate and express their needs through shout out.Between three and six months, an infant can show responses to changes in a tone of voice. He also learns how to pronounce his pleasure or displeasure. Moreover, he laughs, sighs, squeals, blows bubbles, babbles and sputters loudly to get the attention of people around him. He also learns t use gestures to communicate his desires. Additionally, he can cry differently if he is in disquiet or hungry. An infant this age can also shape his backtalk to change sounds. His new collection of vocabulary includes sounds such as b, m and p (Alic).Six to twelve months of age marks the most(prenominal) critical period for receptive language development. Receptive language development is the infants dexterity to comprehend language. During this age, an infant responds to their names. He also learns how to listen keenly to speech and other sounds. He expresses his moods through consistence language and sound. He can also play with sounds.Aside from these, he can respond to friendly or angry tones and can repeat syllables. He also communicates through imitation of intonation or speech sounds. At this age, he uses his tongue to change sounds and babbles with as many as 12 sounds in a singsong pattern. He can also make long sounds (Alic). In his seventh month, an infant can vocalize syllables such as Dada or Mama (Child Development Institute).Rafanello added that at this stage, an infants babble has long and short group of sounds such as tata upup bibibibi. His vocabulary forthwith includes one or two new words such as bye-bye, dada, mama,, no, or uh-oh (6).An infant between ball club and 12 months can listen when he is spoken to. Moreover, he can give responses to simple requests. He also recognizes the names of his family members and even the names of common objects. He also understands the word no. He repeats sounds, exercises intonation, uses the words dada and mama for any person, connects voices and names with people, makes use of sounds other than crying for their needs or to get attention, shouts and screams, k straights their own names, understands gestures babbles two to three syllable repeated sounds.By 12 and 18 months of age, a yearling can now use partial words, recognize names, laugh appropriately, use words that start with b, c, d, and g, make gestures and say no, understand and follow directions, and ask for help exploitation sounds and gestures. He can also use complete words and understand certain words, such as up, down and hot. Moreover, a toddler this age learns to form sentences by putting two short words together.This age also marks the toddlers understanding of words associated for everything their language development is steady. Alic says that the majority of a toddl ers first words are universal. They consist of names of foods or family members. By the age of 18 to 24 months, a toddler has a collection of 20 to 50 intelligible words. He can now say more words each month and put two words together such as more cookie (Rafanello 6). His vocabulary also consists of nouns. He can follow simple commands and use two pronouns correctly. The pronouns I, me and you are commonly used. He also follows command such as show me your eyes.A two- to three-year old toddler is able to use short sentences to ask for things, and he has a word for almost everything. Those around him can understand his speech (Rafanello 6). His vocabulary now consists of 400 words, which include names. As early as this age, the toddler can repeat the stories, songs or rhymes he hears. He can also describe his experiences through three- to five-word sentences.By three to four years of age, a child can talk through sentences that have four or more words. If a child attends preschool, he can talk more or less the activities he does there. He can also converse with others and ask questions. At this age, he can use pronouns correctly. His collection of vocabulary is much bigger, usually consisting of 900 to 1,000 words (Alic). At this age, a parent is suggested to communicate with his child through self-talk, which is another way of enhancing language development. The parent can start by telling his child I am picking up your toys.When a child is aged four or five, his language skills further develops. According to Rafanello, a child this age exhibits ease in communicating with adults and children. However, he may have difficulty with certain sounds, such as j, l, ch, r, s, sh, th, v, z. He has the ability to speak with lots of details (6). He can now describe things and has a better grasp of number and time concepts. Moreover, he knows things about himself, such as his age. His understanding of number concept includes numbering from one to ten.Language developme nt can be further developed through continuous interaction with the people around the child. Language development can also be enriched when a child is exposed to an environment rich in language and language-based interaction. If a parent regularly reads and talks to his child, it can have an impact in the childs ability to communicate with others.However, a parent must remember that the ability of children to learn is not the same for everyone. While one child may show quick progress, such as forming a sentence, another may have problems dealing with speech or language delay. There are times when a child exhibits mild or temporary delays. These delays can hazard about six percent of children. There are factors which can attain the delays. A child may be experiencing genetic disorders, hearing injustice or development disorders. The good thing is if these disorders are detected earlier, they can be treated or prevented in their early stages.Although children show different rates w hen it comes to language development, it is best not to compare a childs language development with another. Parents must make sure that the language development of their children is steady, and not just fast or slow. They must also provide an environment where their children have a room to learn things. Aside from this, parents must assist their childrens development in any way possible.Works citedAlic, Margaret. Language Development. 2007. About.com. 9 December 2007 .Language Development in Children. Child Development Institute. 9 December 2007.Rafanello, Donna. Facilitating Language Development. Healthy Child Care America, Summer 2000 1-6.

Play on Social Evils: -Dowry Essay

N-To mean solar day we, the seven members names of this play greet you tout ensemble. Here we let in our play Mr. Rai creation played by XYZ. He is a retired per countersign who had worked in Indian navy before. Now we get hold of Mrs. Rai being played by XYZ. She is a kind person and loves sincerity .Their lady fri determination Sagarika Rai or the person to be playing the role of a wife is XYZ. She is very shy and coward girl who is also very kind deal her catch. Now let us meet with Mr. Ghosh who is XYZ. He is a braw person scarcely chiffonier non withstand his wifes anger. Here comes the villain of this play or Mrs. Ghosh who is a religious concerned and an old forge lady being played by XYZ. Here we have the cash in ones chips person merely not the least Sagar Ghosh who is the son of Ghosh family. Scene-1N- Rai Family .Mr. Rai sitting on his chair reading his daily newspaper. Mrs. Rai sitting to the adjacent chair enjoying her teatime with toasts, when Mr. Rai sees advertise of a matrimony website. Mr. Rai- Sagarika has grown big so fast. Hey do you remember how she used to walk with her sharp legs and smile showing her sm solely teeth. Mr. Rai-Re eachy. I still remember combing her hair and making it when she was small. Mr. Rai-But instantaneously I think our Sagarika should be married.Mr. Rai-Even I was thinking of it. You see I heard from our neighbor Mrs. Das whose relative is Mrs. Ghosh. Das was telling me astir(predicate) the boy of Ghosh family. Mr. Rai-Well it would be better if we could have a talk with Ghosh family and deal intimately the proposal. Mr. Rai-Oh Yes you tooshie wait I forget get it from Mrs. Das.N- Mrs. Rai exists subsequently Mrs. Rai gets the number. Mr. Rai-Oh So the number is 7322252241. let me call the Ghosh family.Mr. Rai-HelloMr. Ghosh-HelloMr. Rai-With whom am I having the draw across?Mr. Ghosh-Well, this is Mr. Ghosh.Mr. Rai-I am talking to the right person.N-The conversation goes on and they at long travel decide to meet at Mr. Ghoshs house. Scene-2N- Ghosh house. Both Ghosh Family and Rai Family be present. They all sit down on their respected places. Mr. Ghosh-It is pleasure in having you all here? As the proposal was decided. We are ready for the marriage. If you wish Mr. Rai can I ask Sagarika some Questions? Mr. Rai-Obviously you have all the rights.Mr. Ghosh-So, how much improve are you?Sagarika-I have completed my MSc and wish to do owners in this field. Mr. Ghosh-Very honest Girl do you have some hobbies?Mrs. Rai-Yes, she is very good with thread and needle along with studies. Mrs. Ghosh- So you must also greet cooking? In Ghosh family everybody is fond of eating and I dont want a Laymans girl as my daughter-in-law. N-Laughing and enjoying Rai family directly turned some what into a sad mood. Mr. Ghosh-Girl you can talk with Sagar and Sagar my son please show her the park. N- Sagar and Sagarika bring for the park.Mr. Ghosh- Sagar and Sagarika the name sounds so common. They will harbour a heavenly combination. Mr. Rai-Really. Even both look like real prince and princess. Mr. Ghosh -That all is ok then let us talk about the arrangements. Mrs. Rai-Truly But I dont wish that you may not talk about the fond evils like dowry and all that to be paid in this world of 21st century. Mrs. Ghosh- How can it not be possible? It is a ritual and all must follow it. N-and so the debating goes on .but Mrs. Ghosh sticks to her opinion and demands a 30gm gold chain+Rs.5lakh cash, at last it is reduced to a 10gm gold ring+Rs.2lakh +all the wedding cost. by and by MarriageN-Though the wedding goes good Sagarikas life ruins. Her Mother-in-law treats her badly. Sagarika learning all the moral values from her parents behaves very politely with her draw-in-law but her mother in law isterrible. Mr. Ghosh cares for her as his own daughter and Sagar loves her a lot.Scene-3N-Today is the auspicious day of karvachauth.The Holy day when wifes fast without having a imbibe of water from morning to evening and break their fast afterward sightedness their hubbys face. It is like a type of prayer for husbands long life. Sagarika is also following the ritual and doing her 1st karvachauth. Mrs. Ghosh-Sagarika I wish you are keeping your karvachauth. Sagarika-Yes mother But I have to attend my college as I have my major tests today Mrs. Ghosh-Girls today They just dont give importance to these rituals. What should we say promptly? Sagarika- But ma I am following the rituals too.Mrs. Ghosh-Oh Then why are you going to the college. Today you can stay and help me as the maid has taken holiday. You nasty girl I k at one time you, you will go out have fun eat food and leave this old lady with loads of work. You daughters of laymen are like this only. Sagarika- milliampere whatever you want to say you can say it to me but dont insult my parents. N- Mr. Ghosh entersMr. Ghosh- What is happening here? why so much disagreement?Mrs. Ghosh-Oh See your daughter in law and her spicy tongue. Mr. Ghosh -Oh Oh Maya give the sack it now. why do you blame her always? Mrs. Ghosh- Blame her Oh You are a frenzied person. Dont you hear her shouting at me? Mr. Ghosh- Sagarika, sweet Sagarika I know you are innocent but what is the matter. Sagarika- Actually today I have my major.N- She is interruptedMrs. Ghosh- Oh She doesnt want to do karvachauth so she is making reasons. She will go out and party with her friends and at the alike time she will make us fool by doing karvachauth. Oh I am worried about Sagar. Mr. Ghosh-It is her 1st karvachauth. It is her wish if she wants to keep it or not. Mrs. Ghosh-Go on Keep on taking that laymens daughters side. You want to know why I stir up you. I trouble you because your father didnt pay the demanded dowry. N- Sagarika starts crying and misses her major teststhat day. She starts getting steamed by her mother in law. She often complains her husband but Sagar cant raise his voice against his mothe r. Sagarika even complains about these matters to her mother but being a good person used to advice to behave with her mother in law properly and used to say that such fights are common after marriage life. Days passed, Months passed, after 2 yearsMrs. Ghosh is a widow and there is no one to save Sagarika from the troubles that were caused by Mrs. Ghosh.Scene-4Sagarika is now a teacher. One day.Mrs. Ghosh-Hey you laymans daughter. Why do you work while my son Sagar earns so much? Sagarika- Mom it is because it includes passion.Mrs. Ghosh-From now on you will not work anymore.Sagarika-Mom but I like my job and I am happy with it.Mrs. Ghosh-Oh so now you will teach me. Sagar, where are you. See this your wife is telling me to lap up her clothes. Sagar- What is it, Sagarika? Why am I having complains from mom? I never knew that you hardened old people like this. Sagarika ButSagar- No ifs or buts. complete is enough.Mrs. Ghosh-Not only that Sagar that day when the maid was absent s he assigned me to clean the house. Sagarika-But mom I never said you like that instead I myself cleaned the house. Sagar- I didnt expect this from you.Sagarika-Mom why do you do this to me?Sagar-Now I order you Sagarika that you will leave your job and take care of mother. N-Sagarika as her mother obeys to her husband and leaves the job. Mrs. Ghosh has stopped the maid from coming and forces Sagarika to do all the category chores.Mrs. Ghosh-Where are my spectacles?Sagarika- I stone-broke it.Mrs. Ghosh-Oh Sagar see here she broke my glasses so that I fall down and break my legs.Sagar-Sagarika, what is it?Sagarika- but I didnt do it knowingly.Mrs. Ghosh- Oh See this Nasty girl, Daughter of a beggar.Sagarika-Mom speak properly.Sagar-Oh Now you will teach my mom how to speak after breaking her glasses. You need a good thrashing. Mrs. Ghosh-So good bring the whip. Let me give her some brains that her parents lacked. What would have happened if your father paid the demanded dowry? N-Sag ar and his mother went on torturing her. Sagarika then finally decide to suicide. Friends like this numerous woman suicide in a year. Dowry is one of those social evils due to which lives of so many innocent girls are threatened and they end up dying. So it is the responsibility of the youth to spread awareness and stop social evils.

Analysis of Kate Chopin’s “The Storm” Essay

Kate Chopins bypass drool, The Storm, generally revolves around the theme of adultery. This is portrayed by the storys two of import characters, Calixta and Alcee, who became involved in a atomic number 42ary action with one another. In the story, Alcee, who is Calixtas former lover, had to take refuge into her business firm because of a strong storm passing by. Upon doing so, the two rekindled their past feignions, which atomic number 18 mainly sensual, for each other. The theme of adultery was first depicted the moment Calixta let Alcee into her home. This was also the first instance that the author showed that she may in time have hidden desires for Alcee. This was vividly illustrated when Calixta was startled (Chopin) by Alcee as if she was in a trance (Chopin). Although she was mainly concerned for her husband, Bobint, and her son, Bibi, who both decided to stop on a store until the storm had passed, she eventually gave in to Alcee when he hugged her and they subseque ntly had sex, which signifies that her feelings for him were still alive. However, despite the fact that adultery was evidently the main theme of the story, the actions of Calixta and Alcee had no negative consequences or adverse affects. This was shown when the author depicted that the sexual activity of the two heightened just as the storm ruin the surroundings. In short, like any other storm, the author implied that adultery was usual and natural. This was further supported by the last sentence in the story which was So the storm passed and everyone was happy (Chopin). In other words, the storm symbolized, in a way, the adulterous acts of Calixta and Alcee. But the difference is, their actions did not adversely affect any character in the story as everyone remained happy.Works CitedChopin, Kate. The Storm. About.com. 2008. 27 September 2008 .

KfC Pest Analysis Essay

Political FactorsThe political brokers includes the giving medication policies as KFC being a external company, but they have to obey the policies of the Government laid by the government of Pakistan, the country where the business activities are being carried out. KFC has handled this situation very tactfully and has obeyed the policies of the Government as prescribe by the government in establish to associate this kind of business. The other major chemical element is the pricing policies. KFC affirm & design its price policies keeping in view the income & income distribution of the pile living in the country. Thats why all the coursees are the target area market of KFC. And the most great factor is the political instability. As in Pakistan, there are political crises faced by the government, these greatly coin the business of KFC.Economical FactorsThe economic factors includes the income of the people, KFC is going to target. Income is an important economical factor of the KFC. This factor decides which class KFC is going to target. In the early meter of KFC, they were counseling on the upper class but they after some time changed their strategies and started to target the mass market by introducing some different kinds of meals and carrys through with(predicate) which we can say that they target the middle & the upper level as well. The consumption de sozzledor of the people plays an important role. KFC also estimated the consumption behavior of the people, their liking and disliking and make decision accordingly. Payment method is an important factor in the economical factor of the KFC. They deem the behavior of the regarding the payment methods of the people. They check whether the gives money in the form of cash or plastic money.Socio-culture FactorsThe brotherly/Cultural Factors includes the Social Class, as it is discussed earlier that KFC target all the class including the upper class, upper middle and lower middle class etcetera Al though the culture of KFC from where they come is entirely different but they have choose the Pakistani culture as they had to pay heed the people living in Pakistan having entirely different culture from other areas. And it has not only adopt the Pakistani culture but also the Religion as well. They offer Halal foods to the customers,which is the symbol that they adopted the Muslim religion strategies as they had to serve in the Muslim country, to the Muslim customers.Technological FactorsThe technological factors include the thou of change at a fast level. Pace of change mean rate of change. KFC has strategy to introduce new technology whenever they think that it is a time to introduce new technology. Research & Development is also an important factor in the Technological factor. KFC always support the work of investigate & development in order to introduce the new technology. Capital make-up means stock of machinery. KFC has a stock of machinery in order to run its business activities. In other words KFC has a good quantity of Capital Formation.

Extended Definition of the Word Religious Essay

When defining a discussion, a simple step to take is get a dictionary and it testament surely help someone whose problem is grasping for the conceiveing of a particular word. And as one reaches for a dictionary to de shapeine a words definition, observation has to be taken with regards to the words denotation/s (direct bastardlying) and connotation/s (meanings which be implied), if ever these are included. In so doing, a proper grasp of the word leave alone be obtained. The kindred basic rules will be applied by this writer to clarify on the meaning of the word phantasmal. From its first meaning, to how it is cosmos used by many straightawayadays, to how the Bible uses the word. Dr. Lisa Rowe Fraustino, an editor and a prof at State University of peeled York, said that the meaning of rowing changes oer time. If one wants to find out what is the exact meaning of a term or an expression in a culture, the psyche needs to restrain carefully how do the speakers/writers use it (Fraustino, 1998). Generally, the word religious is taken to mean of a person who is observant of a holiness a person who devoutly comes certain(prenominal) spiritual teachings of a considered sacred society (http//www.brainyquote. com/words/re/religious211796. html). This kind of definition is what people commonly apply to monks, priests, an appointed minister, and to those who are simply observants of certain moralitys. In recent years though, the word is acquiring an extended meaning. It can now be applied to fair anything that characterizes rigidity. A fasten may advice a patient, who is borderline diabetic to rid of foods high in sugar content, and may tell the patient finally, to go along the advice religiously. This means, because of the urgency of the patients need to cut on sugar, to follow the order rigidly. If the person in this case, before being diagnosed as having similarly much high blood sugar, was naturally a type who has a liking for saucys, this time as the doctor had given his professional advice sweet foods must be reduced to tolerable measure, if not totally avoided. This is what the doctor means when he told his patient to keep his advice in a religious manner. Thus, today, the uses of the word religious have extended beyond its original meaning.Although it retains certain aspects of it, like the scrupulous observance of a devout person to his/her godliness, the connotations now include anything that suggests strictness, and not necessarily commitment to a spiritual order. The habitual understanding that is retained by many about religious is close likely taken from the Bibles portrayal of it in several(prenominal) passages found at that placein. For example, in the book of Acts 1722 in the spic-and-span Testament, Apostle Paul spy the Athenians to be very religious. The Apostle has used the word in its broad meaning, which includes allegiance to certain beliefs which are not necessarily of the same order as that of the apostles and the Jews. As long as on that point is a belief in the Supreme Being or beings, spiritual realities, and rituals, religion is present and its adherents can be described as religious. And so, the Bible, when speaking of being religious, it does not immediately mean being right in blueprint of piety before God. The reason for this is not difficult to see in other portions of the Holy Writ.The author of the book of James, which is also found in the New Testament, implied in his statement that there are two kinds of religion in the eyes of God one is useless, and the other is pure and spick (Jas. 126-27). Even though the general meaning embraces any religion and religious order, every belief and practice, and it is true that the Bible itself attests to the fact that there many religions as well as different practices that humans observed even in the early times of the history of humankind, the Bible besides distinguishes between true and false religion.There is true, as well as, there is false religion. Given the fact, however, that the word religious has already taken revolutionary forms of meaning nowadays, those who use the word loosely must note the differences of usage. let us observe what the speaker means when he/she uses the word, because now, it can mean many other things.References1. Fraustino, Lisa Rowe. 1998. Word Usage (Study Unit), by Thompson Education Direct, 925 oak tree Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. 2. Date Accessed October 6, 2008. http//www. brainyquote. com/words/re/religious211796. html 3. The Holy Bible, New King James Version. 1982. Thomas Nelson, Inc

In a Dark Time by Theodore Roethke Essay

In the first gear stanza of the poem In a Dark Time, the endorser gets the smell that not only is the write describing himself using dark visuals including shadow and step, but that he is using natural scenery as hale in order to set the audience up for the rest of the poem. The uniform line that contains those visuals also would seem to impart a certain date of day, dusk. This could also be thought of as a way for the proofreader to get a sense of where the motive is at, reflecting on his own mind.This belief is furthered by the disceptations of meeting his (own) shadow, and when he hears his own shadow. The second stanza actually goes into a faster pace, as the author begins to describe to the reader his knowledgeable feelings. By questioning his own definition of madness, and going into despair, he shows the reader that part of his mind is very confused, yet he knows that he is in the middle of whatever is going on. Again he questions, is his place in the rocks a cav e or path, and he states that The edge is what I have. which seems ilk a way for him to again be in the middle of his situation.The thirdly stanza continues with the natural descriptions of being verbotenside in a natural tantrum during the night, or perhaps during an eclipse. Again, this could be just another way for the author to let his audience know what frame of mind his is in. Referring to the title of the poem, In a Dark Time, it would make sense that this writing is orgasm from the author during a time in his life in which he was questioning himself. This line of thinking continues to be the main point as he goes on to say, A man goes far to find out what he is -, Death of the self in a long, tearless night,. whatever has happened to the author, he is unsure of himself and the changes that are occurring in his life at that moment. In the fourth stanza, he still proclaims how confused he his with himself, by the statement Which I is I? The reader is left to contemplate where the authors sense of self lies. The last three lines seem to show that the author has decided to have his mind come together and be nonpareil with itself, which leaves the author to be free in the tearing wind.

Socratic Seminar Questions Tkam

Period 6 Nieto Socratic Seminar Questions TKAM1) Discuss Atticuss parenting style. What is his relationship to his children like? How does he seek to instill conscience in them?a. Atticus is a wise man, committed to mediocreice and equality, and his parenting style is ground on fostering these virtues in his childrenhe even encourages Jem and pale to chew the fat him Atticus so that they can interact on terms as equal as possible. Through verboten the novel, Atticus works to develop observatorys and Jems respective consciences, through both teaching, as when he tells piquet to put herself in a persons tog before she judges them.2) Analyze the trial scene and its relationship to the occupy of the novel.b. To Kill a Mockingbird explores the questions of innocence and harsh experience, good and evil, from some(prenominal) different angles. turkey cock Robinsons trial explores these ideas by examining the evil of racial prejudice, its ability to poison an otherwise admirable Sou thern town and record an innocent man, and its effect on young Jem and Scout.3) Discuss the authors portrayal of the black community and the characters of Calpurnia and Tom Robinson. Are they realistic or idealized?c. The black community in Maycomb is quite idealized, especially in the scenes at the black church and in the colored balcony during the trial. Lees portrayal of the black community isnt unrealistic or fabulous it is important to point out, however, that she emphasizes all of the good qualities of the community without ever pointing out any of the distressing ones. The black community is shown to be loving, affectionate, welcoming, pious, honest, hardworking, and close-knit. Calpurnia and Tom, members of this community, possess remarkable dignity and moral courage.4) Explain why Jem crys when the hole in the guide is filled with cement?d. Boo Radley uses the knothole in the tree to leave gifts for Jem and his sis Scout. This is his only way to connect with them as h e keeps himself isolated in the house. Seeing Mr Radley fill the hole with cement is like filling in the hole between their two worlds and Jem is sad to lose this link.5) When is Scout world- distinguish exposed to the real world of racism and inequality?e. Chapter 10 when Cecil Jacobs duologue intimately niggers and when she gets in the represent with fransis6) Although Atticus did not want his children in court, he defends Jems properly to know what has happened. Explain, in your own words, Atticuss reasons for thisf. Atticus tactile sensations that the adults assume made the world the way that it is and the children have to learn to live in that world. They cant hide from it and need to be exposed to it as early as possible.7) dangle Maudie tells Jem that things are never as bad as they seem. What reasons does she give for this view?g. She names all of the people who helped Tom Robinson, such as the black community, Atticus, and Judge Taylor.8) Why does Bob Ewell feel so angry with Atticus? Do you think his threat is a real one, and how might he try to get Atticus?h. He feels Atticus made him look bad in front of the absolute town. This threat was meant to get a reaction from Atticus however, Atticus just kept his head up.9) What do you think of Atticuss reaction to Bob Ewells contend? Should he have ignored Bob, retaliated or done something else?i. He did the right thing by walking away. Bob was looking for a fight and Atticus wouldnt give it to him.10) What does Atticus tell Scout about why the jury took so long to convict Tom?j. He tells her that a Cunningham was on the jury and didnt want to convict. The jury actually had to think about the conviction before they did it because the case was based on purely circumstantial evidence.11) Why does Aunt Alexandra accept that the Cunninghams may be good except are not our kind of folks? Do you think that people should mix only with others of the same social class?k. She tells Scout that they are n ot people that the Finch family should associate with because they are visit class. People should be able to socialize with whoever they want, even if they are in a different social class.12) Compare the reactions of Miss Maudie and the other ladies when Scout says she is wearing her britches under her dress.l. Miss Maudie takes Scout seriously and only laughs at Scout when she intends to be funny. The other ladies choose to make fun of Scout.13) How, in this chapter, do we see Aunt Alexandra in a new fallible? How does Miss Maudie support her?m. Aunt Alexandra shows concern for Atticus and Tom. Miss Maudie gives her a pep talk and gets her to go back to the meeting.14) Explain the contrast Scout draws between the court where Tom was tried and the secret courts of mens police wagon. In what way are hearts like courts?n. In a true court of law everyone should receive a fair trial, but peoples hearts are not dictated by law they are dictated by feeling.15) In her lesson on Hitler, Miss Gates says that we (American people) dont believe in persecuting anyone. What seems odd to the reader about this title of respect?o. The town just persecuted a black man for being black. He was convicted and sentenced to death with no real evidence.

A seminar on “Beginning For Beginnger” Essay

A seminar on Beginning For Beginnger was held at DKU at Faculty of Business Managemnet. This seminar was held on 9 June 2012-06-24. This seminar was begin on 2.00Pm 5PM. It was jointly organised by each(prenominal) part triplet student who take Mgt538 in this semester. The purpose of the Seminar was to talk about lessons and challenges in veneer currunt enviroment on studies and prox working(a) enviroment. It focused mainly on the attitutes, styles and performance that should be take to faced all the situation. All part three students whose take this subject ar compulsory to attented this seminar. The Programme is given at DKU that situated in Faculty of Business Management. The seminar was given by Cik Noor Syuhada,caunsellor Uitm Seri Iskandar Perak.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThe seminar was merged in a way that helped participants to walk through the issues, starting from the relevancy of the organisational context, along the issues that brook to be addressed, the intended or as sumed and in the long run to the actual implementation. The objectives of the seminar were to provide insight in the issues, to identify the mistake ,and to demonstrate the possible approaches for formulating and implementing tools that can be take. In order to encourage intervention and a more focussed exchange of information practical sessions were schedule .During these sessions participants could lease some questions and share thoughts with each other(a) and the speakers.THE POSITIVE IMPACTSThe seminar participants agree that 1. This programs will help them to improve their knowledge on cladding their future enviroment especially during their working enviroment.2. Many participants were given a chance to ask any questions and they also were give a chance to share some idea or tips that will give benefits to all participants.3. It is important that all parties to attends,it will give a common understanding about what these and other key terms mean.4. The seminar have give them a lot of tips on attending interviews and facing interviews session that will improve their confident to facing that.THE NEGATIVE IMPACTSThe side impacts that can be conclude from the seminar 1. Some participants not focus during the seminar.2. They playing games on their mobile phone, chatting, talking and etc.3. non all students have confidents to ask questions even they have intention to do so.4. Sessions for students to discuss among themselves was not held.RECOMMENDATIONS Some recommendations that can be take are 1. Small group discussion can be do in oreder to give participants share or discuss among themselves about the issues on the seminar.2. Students should be ask to switch off their phone during the seminar.3. Try to encourage students to advance up their confident to share, ask or gine opinion during the seminar.CONCLUSIONS The feedback of the participants confirmed that the seminar was very much appreciated as well as that there is a pressing need for more pract ical approaches and for other opportunities to discuss the numerous issues. The speakers came also from different backgrounds and presented the audience with different practical experiences, insights, and views, both at an organisational and national level. It gave a good impression and understanding of the many perspectives. The seminar have improve knowlegde among participant and will benefits to them in facing their future working enviroments.

Demand Forecasting and Production Planning

cognitionAsia 27 (2001) 271-278 beg bespeaking and resultion Planning for Highly Seasonal necessity Situations moorage Study of a Pressure Container Factory Pisal Yenradeea,*, Anulark Pinnoib and Amnaj Charoenthavornyingb a Industrial design Program, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Patumtani 12121, Thailand. b Industrial Systems Engineering Program, School of right Technologies, Asian Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Patumtani 12120, Thailand. * Corresponding author, E-mail emailprotected tu. ac. th authentic 24 May 2001 Accepted 27 Jul 2001ABSTRACT This opus addresses occupy portent and harvest-feteion picturening for a extort container mill in Thailand, where the study patterns of exclusive crossway groups atomic number 18 highly seasonal worker worker. Three cyphering fashion gets, namely, spends, buncombe, and Auto-Regressive Integrated touching Average (ARIMA), argon utilize to indicate the point of intersection entreats. The results atomic number 18 comp argond with those obtained by subjective and spontaneous judgements (which is the live confide). It is piece that the bunk and ARIMA baffles provide lower account errors in measurely crossing groups.As a result, the safe credit line metrical ground on the errors of these two mannequins is considerably less than that of the current pull. The fancyed call for and precaution rail line certificate be subsequently used as inputs to determine the achievement programme that minimizes the wide over epoch and arsenal attribute tolls based on a fixed workforce level and an available over while. The work think problem is formulate as a linear programming puzzle whose decision variables include end product quantities, muniment levels, and overtime requirements. The results reveal that the sum of money equals could be descendd by 13. % when appropriate calculateing copys argon applied in p lace of the current practice. KEYWORDS subscribe harbingering, highly seasonal consume, ARIMA method acting, labor tight, linear programming, pressure container portiony. INTRODUCTION Most manufacturing companies in underdeveloped countries determine product posit forecasts and production plans apply subjective and intuitive judgments. This may be cardinal factor that leads to production inefficiency. An accuracy of the want forecast signifi cornerstonetly affects guard duty stock and inventory levels, inventory holding greets, and customer service levels.When the demand is highly seasonal, it is unlikely that an accurate forecast canful be obtained without the use of an appropriate anticipate model. The demand forecast is one among several critical inputs of a production plan process. When the forecast is inaccurate, the obtained production plan get out be unreliable, and may result in over- or understock problems. To avoid them, a capable amount of golosh stoc k must be provided, which requires additional investment in inventory and results in an increased inventory holding costs.In order to settle the above-mentioned problems, domineering demand forecasting and production prep methods atomic number 18 proposed in this paper. A case study of a pressure container factory in Thailand is presented to demonstrate how the methods can be developed and implemented. This study illustrates that an utility of demand forecasts and a reduction of total production costs can be achieved when the systematic demand forecasting and production formulation methods be applied. The demand forecasting and production plan methods are proposed in the neighboring section.The background of the case study, including, products, production process, and the forecasting and production cooking procedures organism used in the factory, are briefly described in section 3. The detailed analyses of the forecasting methods and the production planning method are exp lained in Section 4 and Section 5, respectively. Finally, the discussion and conclusion are presented in Section 6. 272 ScienceAsia 27 (2001) P ROPOSED D EMAND F ORECASTING PRODUCTION mean METHODS AND The proposed demand forecasting and production planning methods are depicted in a step-by-step fashion in physique. . Most factories produce a variety of products that can be categorized into product groups or families. individualististic products in the same product group generally engage around common characteristics. For example, they may have the same demand pattern and a relatively stable product mix. As a result, it is possible to forecast the summation demand of the product group low gear, and then disaggregate it into the demand of individual products. Since the forecast of the aggregate demand is more accurate than that of the individual demand1, it is ab initio obstinate in Step 1.Then the demands of individual products are determined in Step 2 by multiplying the ag gregate demand with the same product mix that is normally known and quite constant. Since the demand forecasts are always subject to forecast errors, safety stocks are provided to avoid stock-out problems. found on the example deviation of the forecast errors and the required service level, the safety stocks for individual products are determined in Step 3. drudgery planning decisions are so abstruse and important that they should not be subjectively and intuitively made.Consequently, an appropriate production planning model should be formulated to determine the best decisions. With this model, its parameters, eg, demand forecasts, safety stocks, holding cost, overtime cost, mechanism electrical capacity, inventory capacity, and available unbroken time and overtime, are entered or updated (Step 4). In step 5, the optimal decisions regarding the production quantities, inventory levels, and rhythmical production time and overtime for each product in each production branch a re obtained by solving the production planning model. Step 6 indicates that exclusively the optimal production plan of the current month depart be implemented.After one month has elapsed, the demand forecasts and the production plan will be revised (by repeating Steps 1 to 5) consort to a rolling sentiment concept. BACKGROUND OF THE CASE STUDY The pressure container factory cook ups 15 products, ranging from 1. 25 to 50 kg of the capacity of pressurized gas. The products are divided into eight product groups, namely, assembly 1 to comp any 8. The first half-dozen groups have only two components, head and bottom, speckle the last two groups have tierce components, head, bottom, and luggage compartment. The production process can be divided into five details as shown in Fig. 2. confront 3 is only required to produce the products having three components (ie, those in bases 7 and 8). Stage 4, the circumference welding, is found to be a bottleneck stage cod to its long proc essing time. Presently monthly demand forecasts are subjectively determined by the Marketing plane section based on past sales and expected future market place conditions. No systematic method is used in forecasting. employ these forecasts and different controls, such as availability of raw materials, equipment, and production capacity, the monthly production plan for a three-month point in time is intuitively determined without considering any cost factor.This results in inaccurate demand forecasts and, subsequently, an in high-octane production plan. Stage 1 Blanking 1) Forecast the monthly demands of each product group throughout the planning horizon of 12 months 2) Determine the demand for each individual product 3) Determine the safety stock for each individual product Stage 2 Forming of bottom and head Stage 3 Forming of body 4) modify the parameters in the production planning model Stage 4 circumference welding 5) Run the planning model to obtain the optimal planning dicisions ) Roll the plan by repeating Steps 1 to 5 after one month has elapsed Stage 5 cultivation Fig 1. Proposed forecasting and planning steps. Fig 2. The production process to manufacture a pressure container. ScienceAsia 27 (2001) 273 FORECASTING METHODS Steps 1, 2, and 3 of the proposed forecasting and planning process are discussed in detail in this section. Firstly, the aggregate demand forecasts of eight product groups throughout the planning horizon of 12 months will be determined. Secondly, the demand forecasts of the product groups will be disaggregated into those of individual product.Thirdly, the safety stocks of individual product will be metrical based on the forecast error. Aggregate select Forecasts of Product throngs The typical demand pattern of each product group is seasonal. As an example, Fig. 3 shows the demand pattern of Product Group 3. Thus, three forecasting models that are suitable for making seasonal demand forecasts are considered. They are passs , decomposition and Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. 2-5 Because of their simplicity, the Winters and decomposition models are initially used to forecast the aggregate demand of each product group.If the Winters and decomposition models are in decent (ie, the forecast errors are not random), the ARIMA model which is more complicated and perhaps more efficient will be applied. The Winters model has three smoothing parameters that importantly affect the accuracy of the forecasts. These parameters are varied at many levels using a computer program to determine a set of parameters that withstand the least forecast errors. There are two types of the decomposition model, namely, multiplicative and additive types. The former is selected since the demand pattern shows that the trend and seasonal components are dependent.The forecast errors of the Winters and decomposition models are presented in dodge 1. Based on the calculated mean square error (MSE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), it is seen that the decomposition model has lower true series (x 1000) 16 forecast errors in all product groups than the Winters model. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the decomposition model provides better demand forecasts than the other. One way to check whether the forecasting model is adequate is to try the randomness of the forecast errors.The auto-correlation coefficient functions (ACFs) of the errors from the decomposition model for several time slowdowns at the significant level of 0. 05 of each product group are determined. The ACFs of Groups 1 and 3 are presented as examples in Fig. 4 and 5, respectively. The ACFs of Groups 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 are similar to those of Group 1 in shelve 1. Forecast errors of the Winters and decomposition models. MSE Products MAPE (%) Winters hogwash Winters Decomposition 9,879,330 4,363,290 2,227,592 4,507,990 10,039,690 574,108 636,755 883,811 36. 14 48. 94 24. 25 30. 08 18. 80 53. 86 61. 99 4 6. 52 26. 97 31. 86 15. 97 23. 4 13. 14 34. 80 34. 45 28. 76 Group 1 16,855,149 Group 2 8,485,892 Group 3 5,433,666 Group 4 6,035,466 Group 5 23,030,657 Group 6 1,690,763 Group 7 2,034,917 Group 8 1,884,353 Estimated Autocorrelations 1 0. 5 coefficient 0 -0. 5 -1 0 4 8 discard 12 16 20 Fig 4. ACFs of the residuals from the decomposition model for Group 1. Estimated Autocorrelations 1 0. 5 16 demand 3 coefficient 0 8 -0. 5 4 -1 0 0 10 20 30 time index 40 50 60 0 4 8 lag 12 16 20 Fig 3. Actual demand of Group 3. Fig 5. ACFs of the residuals from the decomposition model for Group 3. 274 ScienceAsia 27 (2001) Fig 4, age those of Groups 2 and 3 are similar.It can be seen from Fig. 4 that the ACFs of all lags are within the upper and lower limits, meaning that the errors are random. However, the ACF of lag 1 in Fig. 5 exceeds the upper limit. This indicates that auto-correlations do exist in the errors and that the errors are not random. From the ACFs, we can conclude that the decompos ition model is adequate for forecasting the demands of Groups 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, but inadequate for forecasting those of Groups 2 and 3. Therefore, the ARIMA model is applied to Groups 2 and 3. From the original time serial publication of the demand of Group 3 (in Fig. 3), and the ACFs of its original series (in Fig. ), it can be interpreted that the original series has a trend, and a high value of ACF of lag 12 indicates the man of seasonality. 2 Hence, a non-seasonal first-difference to convey the trend and a seasonal first-difference to remove the strong seasonal spikes in the ACFs are tested. Fig. 7 shows the ACFs of the ARIMA (p,1,q)(P,1,Q) 12 model after applying the first difference. The nonseasonal plot indicates that there is an exponential decay and one significant ACF of lag 2. Thus, the AR(1) and MA(1) process denoted by ARIMA (1,1,1)(0,1,0)12 is identified. The ACFs of the residuals after applying this ARIMA model shown in Fig. reveals that there is a high value of ACF of lag 12. Therefore, the AR(1) and MA(1) process for the seasonal part or ARIMA (1,1,1)(1,1,1)12 can be identified. The ACFs of the residuals generated from this model are shown in Fig. 9. Since all ACFs are within the two significant limits, the ARIMA (1,1,1)(1,1,1)12 model is adequate. Using the Statgraphic program, the model coefficients can be determined. The demand forecast for Group 3 is presented in Eq. 1. Ft = 1. 197 X t ? 1 ? 0. 197 X t ? 2 + 0. 54408 X t ? 12 ? 0. 65126 X t ? 13 + 0. 10718 X t ? 14 + 0. 45592 X t ? 24 ? 0. 54574 X t ? 25 + 0. 08982 X t ? 26 ? 1. 6699et ? 1 ? 0. 7154et ? 12 + 0. 76332et ? 13 + 29. 34781 (1) where Ft is the demand forecast for finish t Xt is the actual demand for stream t et is the forecast error for stop consonant t Similarly, the forecasting model for Group 2 is ARIMA (3,0,0)(3,0,0). 12 The demand forecast of Group 2 is presented in Eq. 2. Estimated Autocorrelations for Original Series 1 Estimated Residual ACF 1 0. 5 0. 5 coeffici ent coefficient 0 0 -0. 5 -0. 5 -1 0 5 10 lag 15 20 25 -1 0 5 10 lag 15 20 25 Fig 6. ACFs of the actual demand for Group 3. Fig 8. ACFs of the residuals of ARIMA (1,1,1)(0,1,0)12 model for Group 3. Estimated Residual ACF 1Estimated Autocorrelations for 1 Nonseasonal Differences 1 Seasonal Differences 1 0. 5 0. 5 coefficient coefficient 0 0 -0. 5 -0. 5 -1 0 5 10 lag 15 20 25 -1 0 5 10 lag 15 20 25 Fig 7. ACFs after first differencing for Group 3. Fig 9. ACFs of the residuals of ARIMA (1,1,1)(1,1,1)12 model for Group 3. ScienceAsia 27 (2001) 275 Ft = 0. 36951X t? 1 + 0. 30695X t? 2 0. 18213X t? 3 + 0. 20132 X t? 12 ? 0. 07439 X t? 13 ? 0. 06180 X 14 + 0. 03667 X t? 15 ? 0. 03325X t? 24 + 0. 01228 X t? 25 + 0. 01021X t? 26 ? 0. 00606 X t? 27 + 0. 68660 X t? 36 ? 0. 25371X t? 37 ? 0. 21075X t? 38 + 0. 12505X t? 39 + 354. 4515 2) The forecast errors of the decomposition and ARIMA models for Groups 2 and 3 are presented in card 2. It reveals that the ARIMA model has lower Table 2. Forec ast errors of the decomposition and ARIMA models. MSE Products Group 2 Group 3 Decomposition ARIMA 4,363,290 2,227,592 3,112,974 1,235,788 MAPE (%) Decomposition ARIMA 31. 86 15. 97 29. 05 13. 18 MSE and MAPE than the decomposition model. Therefore, the ARIMA model should be used to forecast the aggregate demands of Groups 2 and 3. For other product groups, however, the decomposition model should be used because it is more simple yet still adequate.The comparison of the demand forecast errors obtained from the forecasting models and those from the current practice of the marketing department (as presented in Table 3) indicates that the errors of the forecasting models are substantially lower than those of the current practice. Demand Forecasts of Individual Products The demand forecast of product i for period t, dit, is obtained by multiplying the aggregate demand forecast of the product group (obtained from the previous steps) by the corresponding product mix (as presented in Table 4). Table 3. Forecast errors of the current practice, decomposition, and ARIMA models.MSE Product Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Current practice Decomposition 16,672,342 4,394,693 4,988,962 4,754,572 19,787,102 795,621 849,420 1,060,301 9,879,330 4,507,990 10,039,690 574,108 636,755 883,811 ARIMA 3,112,974 1,235,788 MAPE (%) Current practice Decomposition 30. 58 34. 68 23. 50 25. 73 17. 54 42. 70 38. 36 37. 93 26. 97 23. 24 13. 14 34. 80 34. 45 28. 76 ARIMA 29. 05 13. 18 Table 4. Product mix. Product group Product 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 0. 17 0. 20 0. 26 0. 23 0. 14 1. 0 0. 53 0. 47 0. 65 0. 35 1. 0 1. 0 1. 0. 3 0. 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 276 ScienceAsia 27 (2001) Calculation of base hit buy in The safety stocks of blameless products must be provided to protect over against stock-out problems due to inaccurate demand forecasts. Based on the forecast errors obtained from the demand forecasting models, the amount of the safety stock is ca lculated using the following formula. 12 SSit = sf * ? j * ? ij (3) PRODUCTION PLANNING METHOD The production planning model is developed by initially defining decision variables and parameters, and then mathematically formulating the production planning model.Step 4 of the method requires that the model parameters be estimated and entered into the model. The model is solved for the optimal solution (Step 5). Step 6 recommends that the model parameters are updated, and the model is solved again after one planning period has passed. The production planning problem of the factory under esteem belongs to the class of multistage, multi-item, capacitated production planning model. The models in this class have been discussed extensively in. 6-11 They differ in assumptions, objectives, constraints, and solution methods.Our production planning model is a modification of the multi-stage, multi-product model discussed in Johnson and Montgomery. 6 Its objective is to minimize the total overt ime and inventory holding costs. Costs of laying off and rehiring are not considered because laying off and rehiring are not allowed according to the perseverance union regulation. Since the production cost is time-invariant and all demands must be satisfied, the regular time production cost is thus not included in the objective function.Relevant parameters and decision variables are defined as follows Parameters hik = safekeeping cost per unit of product i at stage k (baht/unit/period) co = Cost per man-hour of overtime labor (baht/man-hour) dit = Demand forecast of product i for period t (units) aik = Processing time for one unit of product i at stage k (hours/unit) (rm)kt = constitutional available regular time excluding preventive maintenance and festival days at stage k for period t (man-hours) (om)kt = Total available overtime excluding preventive maintenance and festival days at stage k for period t (man-hours) W = Warehouse capacity (units) SSit = recourse stock of prod uct i for period t (units) Iik0 = sign inventory of product i at stage k (units) N = Total number of products (15 products) T = Total number of periods in the planning horizon (12 periods) K = Total number of stages (5 stages) where SSit = Required safety stock level of product i for period t sf = Safety factor = 1. 64 for a required service level of 95 % of the standard normal distribution ? j = Standard deviation of forecast errors of Group j. ?ij = Product mix of Product i in Group j.Since the errors of the recommended demand forecasting models are lower than those of the current practice, it is clear that SSit based on the use of the models must be lower than that determined from the current practice (assuming that the service levels of both cases are the same). Table 5 presents the required safety stocks of the current practice and the recommended forecasting models at 95 % service level. Table 5. Required safety stock of current practice and of recommended forecasting models. Safety stock (units) Product 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Current practice 1,138 1,339 1,741 1,540 937 3,438 1,941 1,722 2,324 1,252 7,295 1,463 1,511 507 1,182 Recommended forecasting models 887 1,043 1,356 1,200 730 2,905 979 868 2,274 1,224 5,258 1,245 1,323 460 1,072 ScienceAsia 27 (2001) 277Decision variables Xikt = Quantity of product i to be produced at stage k in period t (units) Iikt = parentage of product i at stage k at the end of period t (units) Rkt = Regular time used at stage k during period t (man-hours) Okt = Overtime used at stage k during period t (man-hours) LP model Minimize Z = ? ? ? hik Iikt + ? ? co Okt , (4) i =1 k =1 t =1 k =1 t =1 N K T K T Eq. 7 represents the material balance constraint in Stage 3, which produces the body of threecomponent products, for Products 13, 14, and 15. chasteness (13) must be included since the finished products are very capacious and require significant warehouse space that is quite limited.Work-inprocess inventory d oes not require significant storage space because it can be stacked. The non-negativity constraint (16) ensures that shortages of work-inprocess inventory do not occur. Input Parameters The initial inventory of product i at stage k, Iik0, is collected from real data of work-in-process or finished good inventories on the factory floor at the first gear of the planning horizon. The inventory holding cost of product i at stage k, hik, is estimated by assuming that the annual inventory holding cost is 25% of the cost per unit of the product at the respective production stage. Since the cost per unit is constant over the planning horizon, the annual inventory holding cost is time-invariant.The factory has enough space in the warehouse to store not more than 40,000 units of finished products. The total available regular time, (rm)kt, is estimated based on the fact that the factory is normally operated 16 hours a day and six days a week, and the total available overtime, (om)kt, is calcul ated by assuming that the overtime could not be more than six hours a day. The overtime cost, co, is assumed to be constant throughout the planning horizon, and is estimated to be 60 Baht per man-hour. After all related parameters have been estimated and entered into the planning model, the optimal values of all decision variables are calculated using the LINGO software. The computation time takes less than one polished on a Pentium PC.Results of the payoff Planning feigns with Different Levels of Safety Stock In this section, two production planning models with different safety stock levels (as shown in Table 5) are solved to determine the total cost savings when the recommended forecasting models are applied in place of the current practice. The inventory holding, overtime, and total costs of both models are presented in Table 6. Based on the optimal total cost of the current practice (4,078,746 Baht per year) and the optimal total cost of the recommended forecasting models (3, 541,772 Baht per year), the total cost saving is 536,974 Baht per year, or 13. 2 %. It can be also seen Subject to Finished product requirement constraints I i 5,t? 1 + X i 5t ? I i 5t = dit ? i, t k = 5, (5) Material balance between stages constraints ? i, t k = 4, (6) (7) ? i, t k = 2, (8) ? i, t k = 1, (9) I i 4 ,t? 1 + X i 4 t ? I i 4 t = X i 5t I i 3,t? 1 + X i 3t ?I i 3t = X i 4 t ?t i = 13, 14, 15 k = 3, I i 2,t? 1 + X i 2t ? I i 2t = X i 4 t I i1,t? 1 + X i1t ? I i1t = X i 2t Capacity constraints ? aik X ikt ? Rkt + Okt i= 1 N ?k , t , (10) Available regular and overtime constraints. Rkt ? (rm) kt Okt ? ( om) kt ?k , t , ? k , t , (11) (12) Inventory capacity of finished product constraints. ? I ikt ? W i= 1 N ?t k = 5, (13) Safety stock of finished product constraints. I ikt ? SS it ?i, t k = 5, (14) Non-negativity conditions X ikt ? 0 I ikt ? 0 ?i, k , t , ? i, t k = 1, 2, 3, 4 (15) (16) 278 ScienceAsia 27 (2001) Table 6. Comparison of the optimal costs of pr oduction planning models. optimal costs (Baht/year) Model based on the current practice Inventory holding cost Overtime cost Total cost 2,117,051 1,961,695 4,078,746 Model based on recommended forecasting models 1,775,552 1,766,220 3,541,772 REFERENCES 1. Nahmias S (1993) Production and Operations Analysis, second ed, Irwin, bleak York. 2. Vandaele W (1983) Applied Time Series and Box-Jenkins Models, Academic Press, overbold York. 3. Winters PR (1960) Forecasting Sales by Exponentially Weighted Moving Average. wariness Science 6(4), 324-42. 4. Box GE and Jenkins GM (1970) Time Series Analysis, Forecasting, and guard, Holden-Day, San Francisco. 5. Makridakis S Wheelwright SC and McGee VE (1983) Forecasting Methods and Applications, 2nd ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 6.Johnson LA and Montgomery DC (1974) Operations Research in Production Planning, Scheduling, and Inventory Control, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 7. Bullington P McClain J and Thomas J (1983) Mathematical Programmin g Approaches to Capacity Constrained MRP Systems Review, Formulation, and Problem Reduction. Management Science 29(10). 8. Gabbay H (1979) Multi-Stage Production Planning. Management Science 25(11), 1138-48. 9. Zahorik A Thomas J and Trigeiro W (1984) Network Programming Models for Production Scheduling in MultiStage, Multi-Item Capacitated Systems. Management Science 30(3), 308-25. 10. Lanzanuer V (1970) Production and Employment Scheduling in Multi-Stage Production Systems. Naval Research Logistics Quarterly 17(2), 193-8. 11.Schwarz LB (ed) (1981) Multi-level Production and Inventory Control Systems Theory and Practice, North-Holland, New York. 12. Tersine RJ (1994) Principles of Inventory and Materials Management, 4th ed, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. that the optimal inventory holding cost and overtime cost in the production planning model based on the recommended forecasting models are roughly equal which indicates that the model can efficiently achieve a trade-off between both costs. Normally, the optimal decisions in the first planning period will be implemented. After the first period has passed, the new forecasts will be determined, and the model parameters will be updated.The updated model is solved again to determine the optimal decisions in the current period. This is called a rolling horizon concept. However, the details and results of this step are not shown in this paper. DISCUSSION AND stopping point The ARIMA model provides more reliable demand forecasts but it is more complicated to apply than the decomposition model. Therefore the ARIMA model should be used only when the decomposition model is inadequate. When compared against those of the current practice of the company, the errors of our selected models are considerably lower. This seat can lead to substantial reductions in safety stocks. Consequently, the lower safety stocks result in decreased inventory holding and overtime costs.The results of the production planning model are of great value to the company since the model can determine the optimal overtime work, production quantities, and inventory levels that egress the optimal total overtime and holding costs. The production planning method is more suitable than the existing one that does not consider any cost factors. Moreover, it has been proven that an application of appropriate forecasting techniques can reduce total inventory holding and overtime costs significantly. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that an improvement in demand forecasting and production planning can be achieved by replacing subjective and intuitive judgments by the systematic methods.