The Future of Global Oil Production

The Future of Global anele ProductionWORLDS OIL PRODUCTION HISTORICAL indite AND PROJECTIONSBackgroundThe train of the vegetable crude business is influenced by a immense bod of factors. Following a basic principle, the quest is the citation section against which production (i.e. impart) is always analyzed.Yet, apart from get hold of there atomic number 18 approximately(prenominal) other factors that influence, either directly or indirectly, the fossil inunct production. To quote only if a few of such factors with direct influence one expertness mention the fluctuating oil price, the socio-economic framework, the political stability, the fiscal and regulatory regime(s), the technological breakthroughs etc. On the axis listing the rather indirect factors, provided also having a huge influence on the level of the gentlemans gentlemans oil production, atomic number 18 other factors sustainable investment environment, accessibility of financial resources, ontoge ny of the transportation sector, environmental concerns etc. For sure, not in time a small portion of all factors with influence on the level of production has been exhausted.In order to deal with such broad variety of factors (each having potentially substantial influence on the oil production and some of them having an intrinsic fluctuating nature) private companies, organizations (e.g. Organisation of Pet usageum Exporting Countries), supranational bodies (e.g. International zip fastener Agency) or national monitoring bodies (e.g. US Energy Information Administration) put forward scenarios which ar ultimately used for creating mid-term/ semipermanent strategies and/ or for making investment decisions in the dynamic arena of the oil and gas activity.Oil imply to 2035As in most of the modern scenario planning methods, in the 2014 IEAs knowledge base Energy Outlook (WEO-2014) several(prenominal) scenarios are create by mental actd (i.e. naked Policies Scenario1 which is th e central scenario to WEO-2014, the ongoing Policies Scenario2 and the 450 Scenario3).During the 13 November 2014 Conference held in Vienna for promoting the release of the WEO-2014, IEAs Chief Economist Fatih Birol mentioned that one of the tell questions analysts are trying to answer is whether oil production pass on glide by up in the future with the oil want. The reason for analyzing this aspect in great detail lies in the fact that the susceptibility claim is estimated to vex with a staggering 37% manger 2040 (compared against the year of 2012)4. Within the energy mix, oil motivation is supposed to rise from 90.1 mb/d in 20135 to 102.8 mb/d in 20356 and plain to 103.9 mb/d till 2040 in the New Policies Scenario. In the Current Policies Scenario the oil demand join on is even more drastic in 2040 the populace demand depart reach 116 mb/d Both scenarios mentioned do not envisage a peak in the oil demand by 2040 which intend that the domain will actually need more oil to proceed its needs in the years to follow after 2040. Only the 450 Scenario envisages a peak in the oil demand already by rough 20207 as the efficiency on the CO2 emissions is supposed to exhibit its make by then following said period the oil demand will decline and revert to the 1990s levels.Illustrating once more that the mankinds faith lies actually in our hands, more specifically, in the policies to be implemented (or not) by 2040, it is worthwhile highlighting the deviations in energy demand (so not just oil demand) from the reference scenario (i.e. New Policies Scenario) in the Current Policies Scenario, the total energy demand will be higher with 10% (i.e. +1.746 Mtoe) than in the New Policies Scenario, while the 450 Scenario envisages a tear down energy demand by 15% (i.e. -2.663 Mtoe) compared to the New Policies Scenario. In the energy mix envisaged in 2040, each of the trine fossil fuels (i.e. oil, gas, coal) and the renewable sources play an equal role (i.e. e ach getting approx. a quarter), but with oil retaining its position as the largest single fuel in the global energy mix8.Similarly to IEA, OPECs 2014 World Oil Outlook (WOO) makes its own forecast, but the figures are slightly higher as it is envisaged in the reference case a steeper add in the oil demand which is forecasted to reach 108 mb/ in 2035 and even 111 mb/d in 20409 (i.e. slightly lower with 0.5 mb/d than forecasted in the WOO 2013). The figures provided by IEA WEO 2014, in legal injury of oil demand for the reference case are similar to the ones provided by OPECs WOO 2014 for the lower economic return scenario which refers to a 102 mb/d oil demand in 2035 and 104.2 mb/d in 204010. The higher economic growth scenario envisaged by WOO 2014 exhibits an oil demand of 112 mb/d in 2035 and more or less 116 mb/d in 204011.The main driving forces behind such steep demand subjoin are stemming from the developing economies (particularly China, India and Middle tocopherol12). In OECD countries, it is envisaged that the energy efficiency policies will come into play with a more portentous impact than so far and, consequently, OECD oil demand will drop by almost 25% from 41 mb/d in 2013 to 31 mb/d in 2040 (OECD oil demand peaked already in 2005) with the US seeing the largest fall in absolute terms.Will oil production peak?After looking at the estimations of what oil quantities the world will need in the following decades, can it be state that the production will keep up with such high demand?The good news is that the remaining technically recoverable resources of oil are sufficient to meet anticipated demand in all three scenarios13. The 2013 registered oil production was of 89.4 mb/d14, according to IEA. As a significant milestone, all scenarios highlight the period around the 2020s when the North American original production peaks (and subsequently it starts to decline). Yet, in the New Policies Scenario, the oil production growth will be supported mainly by the Middle East countries (i.e. OPECs quota raises from 36.8 mb/d in 2013 to 49.5 mb/d in 2040 when it will account for 49% of the total turn upput) as wellspring as by Canada and Brazil. Only the 450 Secenario, similar to the demand related projection, shows a production that will peak around 2020s when it will reach 93.4 mb/d15. By 2040, the 450 Scenario reflects an oil production declined up to 71.9 mb/d.OPECs WOO 201416 projects an oil production growth up to 108 mb/d by 2035 and even 111 mb/d by 2040.In its projection released on 9 September 2014, the US Energy Information Administration forecasts, in its reference case, an overall oil output increase reaching 99.1 mb/d17 by 2040 (rather close to IEAs 2014 New Policies Scenario).ConclusionAll scenarios show that on a mid-term perspective oil supply and demand will two grow. All scenarios (except the 450 Scenario) show that on a long term oil supply and demand will grow. The 450 Scenario envisages a peak demand and supply around the 2020s. Some elements present high uncertainty (e.g. US pissed off oil, Brazil deepwater development, Canadian oil sands, Middle East stability etc) and their evolution over the next decades will be of utmost interest. Another effectual weight factor for the interdependency with the oil production supply and demand will be the evolution of the oil price. And another element which may produce positive surprises which will be worth following are the technological breakthroughs (if any). Therefore, the worlds business community will get to closely monitor all these elements and will have to factor them into the strategic business decisions to be made in the following years1 The New Policies Scenario takes into consideration the policies and implementing measures that have been adopted as of mid 2014 as well as the implementation of the policy proposals (even if they are yet to be formally approved).2 The Current Policies Scenario takes into consideration only the p olicies enacted until mid 2014.3 The 450 Scenario is not purely a scenario, but it rather sets a final target (i.e. limiting the temperature increase over the next years to only 2 degrees Celsius) and works out backwards to identify the decisions/ actions that have to be accomplished in order to meet this threshold.4 World Energy Outlook 2014, paginate 555 Idem, foliate 986 Ibidem7 Idem, summon 978 IEA WEO 2014, page 969 OPEC World Oil Outlook 2014, page 72, available at http//www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/WOO_2014.pdf10 Idem, page17411 Ibidem.12 See externalise 3.2 in the IAEs WEO 2014, page 10013 IEA, WEO 2014, page 11014 Idem, page 115. The OPEC WOO 2014 refers (under page 79) to an oil production of 90 mb/d. In both cases, the oil production includes, apart from the crude oil production, the NGL as well as the unconventional oil production.15 IEA, WEO 2014, page 115.16 WOO 2014, page 8217 See Table A5. World crude and lease abridgem ent production by region and country available at http//www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/ieo_tables.cfm

Personal And Professional Values Of People

Personal And Professional determine Of PeopleValues are come apart of my upbringing and play a big part in my life, as they underpin my thoughts and actions. As a social operation pupil I need to question my personal determine, beliefs and ethics as these will shit a big impact on my demeanour as a professional. My personal set are congruent to the values of social work, which is the reason why I energize chosen a career in a social care. This values are self-importance determination to promote social justice, being caring and helpful toward others, reality (h matchlesssty) and respect. Working in Residential and Care topographic points further highly- conditioned my occupy in promoting social justice and social interpolate on behalf of the do users. I understand, that as a social work student I need to act in accordance with the values, and ethics of the profession, recognizing how personal and professional values may conflict with the needs of diverse clients.VALUI NG DIVERSITYTo value diversity means acknowledging my own prejudices, allowing people to be dissimilar and respecting these differences. universe raised in Poland, where 96, 7% of population is polish my upbringing was washcloth and influenced my prejudice roughly people from other cultures. Due to lack of shock and knowledge I fork out made a preconceived apprehension about other races. My social environment such(prenominal) as trust and culture has influenced me to be extradite in certain modalitys towards other people. My morality created a stereotype and prejudice about queerness. My beliefs would non accept homosexuality due to influence of the church on my attitude towards sexual orientation. pitiful to England and changing my social environment made me realize how wrong those perceptions were. financial backing in multicultural environment made me certain of varied cultures, religions, races, which helped me to change my attitude towards people from diverse b ackgrounds. I pay made friends from antithetical parts of the world what helped me to enhance my understanding of different cultures and religions. I have learned how to accept and respect the differences. I understand and recognise that we livelihood in a diverse society and that there is muchto be gained by having a variety of people, with a variety of backgrounds, approaches, talents and contributions. DISCRIMINATIONMy obtain with disagreement started when I moved to England in 2004. I was often rout to insulting racial jokes. The stereotypes about my culture and people along with labelling were really offensive and painful. The people with whom I have been working held hostile attitudes toward belt raven people and culture. I was working in Bed and Breakfast where the mass of employees were English. My employer set me differently than other employees. When allocating the tasks, she would often give me the most of them life story the rest of the rung doing almost not hing. On ace occasion one of the employees did not complete the given task and she said Let the coating get on with this. She would not have dared to treat other employees the course she treated me. Probably she thought that she could get away with it because I did not know my rights and my English talking to was rattling poor. I found that get under ones skin very painful and could not understand why I was treated this way. Later on I have discovered that it was a aim distinction and it is against the law to be treated this way. There are a number of policies and legislations that could apply to my situation such asThe 1976 Race transaction Act, which makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against you on racial grounds. Race includes colour, nationality, ethnic or national origins. ( www.direct.gov.uk)The Equality Act 2010 provides a new cross-cutting legislative manikin to protect the rights of individuals and advance equality of opportunity for all to update, simplify and change the previous legislation and to deliver a simple, modern and accessible manikin of disparity law which protects individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a fair and to a greater extent equal society.( www.equalities.gov.uk)I could also use agencies such as Citizen Advice Bureau, which provides easy advice to foreigners, and often offer a translator to provide information and advice on employment rights, including discrimination. ACAS is another organisation, which provides general information on employment rights and responsibilities.organism discriminated in the past made me realise how damaging the effects of discrimination chamberpot be. I have started to wonder why people discriminate against each other. On many occasions I have experience discrimination but due to lack of knowledge I was not able to challenge it and simply accept or ignore it. proceed year on the Access Course I have developed a knowledge which helped me to understand why discri mination happens in society. I have learned different theories behind discrimination which helped me to understand its roots. Since thence I have become more observant and started to reflect on my own actions and actions of others. Schon (1983) identifies two types of reflection. Reflection in action, which is thinking back on what we have done in order to discover how our knowing in action may have contributed to an unexpected outcome. We may do so by and by the fact, in tranquillity or we may pause in the midst of action (stop and think) (Schon,198726). Reflection -in -action is about challenging my assumptions, thinking again, in a new way about the problem that I have encountered. Reflection In Action is happening where we may reflect in the midst of action without interrupting it. Our thinking serves to reshape what we are doing while doing it (Schon, 198726).By observing others in my current work get off I have identified negative experiences present in a Care Home based on feelings of discrimination and unfair treatment which was against my own values and believes. One of the examples of discrimination that I have witness was discrimination done the language. Working in a Residential Home as a carer I have noticed a member of staff development patronising and insulting language towards residents. I found that language very disrespecting and empower-cut to challenge my colleague. I have realized that he held a negative attitude towards older people, as he regards to residents as filthy old woman, and call them as useless . I have explained to him that one day he also will be old andis that the way he would like to be seen. At this point my Manager came in and after explaining what has happen, the member of staff was asked to leave the premises. In reflection on this experience I have realized that people have different attitudes to aged population, which are different to my own attitude.Another observation directs a resident having negative attitudes towards depressed people. The resident would not allow a sour member of staff to provide any kind of help or personal care. She would shout and swear using insulting language as soon as they entered the room. Because the majority of carers are black it is awkward to allocate a white member of staff to help her. When petition her why she does not want a black member of staff she answered that she does not want blacks to help or touch her because they are corrupting and useless. On one occasion when attending this resident I decided to challenge her perceptions about black people and called a new black member of staff to help me when giving personal care. I have explained to the resident that she is a new member of staff and she will further observe me. She accepted it but was not very happy about it. While working with resident I started to ask the missy questions, such as why she wants to work here and does she like her job. She responds that she was looking after h er grandmother who passed away recently and has a lot of experience and that she enjoys portion other people. The resident was listening but did not say anything. I was hoping that she will change her negative attitude after spending well-nigh time with the black member of staff, after watching me having a autocratic interaction with her. Not being aware of the resident attitude the girl asked her if she would like her to do her hair because she used to do it very gracious to her grandmother. The resident did not answer just sat on the direct and gave the girl a hair brush. On that stage I have left the room hoping that this experience will change her attitude and prejudice against black people. The resident now is being attended by black staff without any problems, and communicating in a respectful way. reproval ON THE POLICIES OF CHALLENGING DISCRIMINATION IN MY WORK PLACE (JEWISH residential HOME)The use of Anti Discriminatory practice at my work place is fundamental to the ethical basis of care provision, and equality legislation is all-important(a) to the protection of service users dignity. It imposes particular responsibilities on public and service providers to parry stereotyping and to respect service users diverse needs and cultural diversity. To challenge discrimination Jewish Care has put into place a written policies and procedures to rush with discriminatory behaviour and practice.CHALLENGING DISCRIMINATION AND OPPRESSIONA jump point in challenging discrimination and oppression is having awareness of the different types and ways that discrimination and oppression can occur. Thompson PCS Analysis provides a clear and understandable method of consideration discrimination and oppression in the background of personal, cultural and societal levels. The process of empowerment is also crucial in challenging oppression. On a personal level we could empower individuals to squeeze control over their lives, for example through enhancement of sel f-esteem and confidence. On a cultural level empowerment is concerned with becoming aware of ideologies premised on inequality. Discriminatory assumptions and stereotypes should be challenged in order to break down an oppressive culture. On a structural level empowerment involve abolition of structural inequalities from the structure of society. Education plays important role in challenging discrimination. By educating people to understand the causes and effects of discrimination we can challenge traditional beliefs and practices concerning particular groups and promote equality, diversity, inclusion and tolerance.ANTI discriminatory PRACTICEAnti discriminatory practice is an approach which seeks to combat discrimination and oppression, in terms of challenging all forms of discrimination and oppression from our own practice and practice of others (Thompson, 2006).As a social work student I need to develop further my anti discriminatory practice. To do so I have to recognise the significance of discrimination in peoples lives, especially in the lives of disadvantaged people. I also need to develop self-awareness and make sure, that my own action does not reinforce discrimination.

The Behaviour Of A Supralittoral Gastropod Biology Essay

The Behaviour Of A Supralittoral Gastropod biota EssayThe species chosen for this experiment (or rather set of experiments) is Melarhaphe neritoides. This is a precise common (sm altogether) species of pull together found distri furthered a farsighted the raspy Maltese propping ups. It is listed in the Phylum Mollusca (Class Gastropoda) and grows to some just under 1cm. Its sides atomic number 18 flat (unlike the to a greater extent than common rounded guinea pig found amongst molluscs) and has a high pointed spire. An operculum covers an elliptical aperture and a white periostracum leads to the dark blue/b escape shell. Its niche is determined in a very specific stretch on the shore labelled the supralittoral z nonp aril. This is that area located just above the high sc terminal mark. It is not submerged tho is frequently splashed by ocean spray when it is windy/stormy (in occurrence it is in like manner known as the splash or spray z superstar(a)). It is an unfor bo untiful environs and beingnesss living hither moldiness be very well qualified to its instability. The Melarhaphe neritoides pull together moldiness be open to withstand high temperatures, knowing weewee, salt and brine irrigate, vapor and exposure to air and of course any shore line animals which qualification prey upon the snail. In the summer months, the sea round the Maltese islands is very calm and the snails environment is rarely wetted. Also the snail run execrables in work bring out contact with the hard rocky surface which r individu eachy(prenominal)es high temperatures up to 50 details easily (which for most organisms this would be lethal). On the early(a) hand during the winter clipping months, storms are frequent and wave implement is very violent on the supralittoral z wizard. Not exclusively this but when there are no waves, pusss of fresh water whitethorn fashion model in these rocky patches which for most creatures adapted to a salty (high w ater potential) environment will cause osmotic problems. As opposed to the summer months, the temperature of the rocks in winter falls drastically nigh meters even below freezing point. In particular as the mollusc is very well adapted to this environment, it is the dominant macro-faunal organism found there. To accommodate such drastic changes in its environment, Melarhaphe neritoides has many behavioral adaptations. Such adaptations include becoming idle, taking resort hotel in pits/rocky overhangs, aggregating in groups and becoming industrious entirely when conditions are suitable. To be able to dead-on(prenominal)ly avoid the harshness of the environment, the mollusc must establish some kind of sense as to when to in truth begin aestivation periods or when to come out of them, which spot is suitable (offers luxuriant protection) to take asylum in etc. It is these behavioural adaptations that this experiment investigates. A set of antithetical habitats and condition s are prepared and a number of snails tested to see their reception and gustatory perception. Such an experiment must be conducted as accurately as possible as there are many factors which induce errors. In fact the test subjects where newly caught and a number (10) of individuals were tested with all(prenominal) method to ensure usable and explainable data. Also the individuals tested where seen to be or so 0.7mm in height. This is the height of juveniles not too recent or too old as it is in this part of its life succession in which an animal is most believably going to respond as expected in individuals seen in the wild (as old or young specimens may be less active or inhabit several(predicate) regions of the environment).ProcedureApparatusPetri dishes Graph paper Plastic fish tanksRuler timekeeper Acrylic plates (bore)Measuring piston chamber B privation bags Glass Rod get to Fine Sand Coarse Sand Circular glass rollMaterialsCalcium Chloride Sea Water Dis money boxed waterVaseline filth Blu-TackMethod sample.1A plastic Petri-dish was partitioned by means of thin plastic into 3 go to pieces parts. One part make full with fine mainstay, an another(prenominal) with rough-cut rachis and the other with gravel. Ten inactive snails were scattered across on these 3 different sabstrates and any crusade made mention every 1,2,6,24,36 hrs.Experiment.2 devil identical Petri dishes had their foundation ruled to form a 44 gridiron at 1 cm intervals. One snail was positioningd on severally grid line intersection. One dish contained a container entire of Calcium chloride, whilst the other house distilled water. Both dishes were sealed and observed over a period of 3 solar mean solar eld.A plastic Petri-dish was floated over a pool of water in a circular glass trough. Ten inactive snails were placed in the Petri-dish which was left(a) capable, but the glass trough was covered. by and by one hour, the cover was re locomote just enough to get t he snails out. These were tapped piano with a glass rod a fewer times and trust back in the trough. The number of active snails after the treatment was noted.Experiment.3deuce identical Petri dishes as in exp.2 (with a 44 grid) were prepared with one inactive snail per intersection. One dish is make full up to about 1mm with sea water, whilst the other one was left dry. Both dishes were sealed with Vaseline grease and observed over a period of one hour. This procedure was recurrent scarcely using fresh water sooner of sea water.Snails which had been left in dry air for one hour were tapped sharply on the shell and immediately placed in 1cm of sea water. The time interpreted for the maiden noticeable movement of the snails operculum was noted.Experiment.4Two identical measuring cylinders were filled with sea water one to a depth of 5cm and the other to a depth of 20cm. Individual inactive snails were placed in each cylinder, and the time taken for the snail to move 5 cm up th e contend in each container was noted.Experiment.5Two identical measuring cylinders are filled to a depth of 3cm with seawater. Each cylinder was marked at 3 cm intervals head start from the water surface. One cylinder was stoppered tightly whilst the other was left open. The movement of each snail up the cylinder was noted with time.Experiment.6Two identical plastic aquaria are filled to a depth of 1.5cm with sea water. Regular plastic plates that were drilled with a specimen of regular holes were attached to the fences of one of the aquaria. The aquaria were marked off at 3cm intervals starting from the water surface. Ten inactive snails were placed in each aquarium and covered with a lid. afterwards 3 hours the number of snails at each level was noted.The procedure above was then repeated but instead of the walls, the drilled plate was placed at the bottom of the aquarium. The number of individuals be submerged was counted at intervals of 1,2,6,24,36 hours.Experiment.7The p rocedure of experiment 5 was repeated save this time both the cylinders were tightly stoppered and with 10 snails in each one. One of the cylinders is placed in an opaque black bag whilst the other one is left in the light. The number of snails at each level for both cylinders at intervals of 1,3,6 and 24 hours was preserve.PrecautionsSnails that were used for an experiment were not reused but placed separately in a container to note that they break already undergone some treatment. This was done so as not have active snails from a preceding(prenominal) experiment ruin the upshots of the next experiment.The snails were all freshly caught (not more than 2 age) so as to have an accurate closure as possible.In most experiments a good number of individuals were used (like 10) and others were possible were replicated.Enough time was left to elapse for contributes to be unruffled as the stimuli that activate the snails may be over a long period of time.Snails used were chosen to be of similar size (0.7cm shell height) and handled very gently.ErrorsHandling of snails from capture site to lab and from tray to the experiment may have activated the snails prior to the actual experiment taking place. near experiments could have been done only once to the long waiting time, and with a proportionally atrophied number of individuals (ten snails may not yield a representative result).The experiment tried to replicate the conditions that the snail would be in the wild. This depose never be fully achieved and so the experiment its ego is not so accurate.Movement of apparatus or activity on the bench could have changed snail position in other experiments or activating them due to the vibration not to the variable tested.The snails themselves may have move other snails in experiment 2 and 3 giving errored results.ResultsExperiment 1 m / hrFine sand postureRough sand0334133423346343242533625348154No snails were noted to have accumulated on the silver-tongued plast ic surface of the Petri-dish.Experiment 2 fracture 2ATime/hrRH=0%RH=100%00061230125413Part 2BSnails activeBefore tappingAfter tapping02Experiment 3Part 3ATime/hrNumber of snails moved00156122414321548165616Part 3BTime for world-class discernible movement of operculum after left inDry conditionsDry conditions followed by tappingImmersed in seawater14082214833292044331640528920619753783862811451921141310121050Part 3CTime/hrNumber of snails moved001060240320480561Experiment 4 double up5cm water20 cm water12340s4140s(69 mins)22400s86400s (1day)39000s2 day49900s2 day586400s2 day62 day2 day72 day2 day82 day2 day92 day2 day102 day2 dayExperiment 5A total of 2 snails were placed in each measuring cylinder. The numbers in the table show the number of snails recorded at each level marked.ClosedOpenTime/hr12624324856126243248560-3cm222222222110003-6cm000000000101106-9cm000000000011019-12cm0000000000000012-15cm0000000000001115-18cm0000000000000018-21cm0000000000000021-24cm0000000000000024-27cm 0000000000000027-30cm (top)00000000000000Experiment 6Part 6AAfter 3 hoursAt the bottom of the tank (smooth)In crevicesOn smooth wall subaquatic in seawater8010-3cm above water0013-6cm above water000Part 6BTime/hr12624324856submergedIn crevices6899999On smooth wall4100001Above seawaterIn crevices0000000Not in crevices0111110Submerged (the only one required others are extra)109999910Experiment 7 gentleDarkTime/hr12624324856126243248560-3cm1010101010101054444333-6cm000000013100116-9cm000000001222119-12cm0000000200010012-15cm0000000011213315-18cm0000000011000018-21cm0000000000000021-24cm0000000001100024-27cm0000000200111027-30cm (top)00000000000112DiscussionThe results were organized in the form of tables usually with length in movement or number of snails against time. In the first experiment, habitat preference was tested. Rough gravel and fine/ earthy sand are the typical supralittoral substrates and snails may have a preference to one and not the other. As observed from the table up to the first few hours, no movement was noted. On the sixth hour a single snail had changed substrate from the fine sand onto the gravel. At the end of the experiment two of the 3 snails placed on the fine sand had moved onto the gravel or coarse sand and one from the coarse sand had moved onto the gravel as well. This fences that the organisms reasonably dislike a loose substrate such as the fine sand (only 2 covered) but prefer rough gravel (5 snails ride outed). The coarse sand was somewhat in between the two with 4 snails remaining. This is the expected result as these organisms are found between small rocks and in crevices. The fact that not all of the travelled to one substrate could have been due to the lack of space as with 5 or 4 snails in one section, the Petri-dish became somewhat crowded. No snails were observed to go onto the smooth Petri-dish surface and this is also explained by the fact that their habitat preference is towards rocky terrain.In the molybdenum ex periment, the effect of humidity on the inactive snails was observed. In part A which consisted of the two Petri-dishes with the grid, the difference in humidity was created by using calcium chloride (anhydrous). This chemical can absorb the water present in the nimbus creating dry conditions whilst the other had a tap with water giving the environment 100% relative humidity. In the dry dish 6% of the snails moved whilst in the wet dish, 18% of the snails moved. Although not so many snails moved the difference from dry to wet is already evident with about 3 times the snails moving in the 100% RH than the 0% RH. This shows that although it is not that strong of a stimulus, the relative humidity plays a part in the activation of the sails.In part B of experiment number two, the snails were once again exposed to an atmosphere of 100% RH, but they were also tapped on the shell after one hour and placed back for a few more minutes. The tapping seems to have some effect on the snails as unlike the 100 % RH in part A where the snails took days to move, 20% of the snails in part B after only one hour were noticed to be active (which is roughly the same come up as in part A at 100% RH). This pop the questions that belike the wave action on the snails combined with the high humidity (as they are wetted) are effective stimuli to activate the snails.Experiment 3 consisted of three parts. In the first part, the Petri-dish had a grid on the bottom where 16 snails were placed. In the one which contained the 1mm of sea water by the second day all the snails had moved. The period where most snails became active was between the 6th and 24th hour. This when compared to the previous experiment where only the humidity was at 100% shows that water is a much stronger activator as all the snails moved (the dry control had no noticeable movement). This would make sense as if there was wave action apart from high humidity and the mechanical force its self (both of which have shown positive results) , the snails would most likely function submersed in junior-grade pockets of sea water. Interesting to note that when as in part 3C the water used was fresh water, no snails moved up to 24 hours and only one moved just slightly over the 3 days period (probably due to humidity not the water its self). This is interesting to note. It can probably be explained by the fact that if it were to rain over the snails which in August or September (although rare) it might, although the snail would feel the mechanical force, be in an atmosphere of high humidity and covered in water it would not be beneficial to come out of dormancy as the environment would not yet be suitable and so it must be sea water to activate the snail as this would only come ashore from waves (indicating a suitable environment). In part B of experiment 3 the time taken for each snail to bewilder active was noted. Prior to the experiment, they were sharply tapped. This tapping followed by the immersio n in sea water instantly brought about a response from the snail which opened its operculum. This was very fast, in fact an average time of 17.5 seconds was recorded between the ten snails tested. This once again replicated wave action only a faster response was obtained due to the fact that actual sea water was used and not high humidity or tapping only (which continues to suggest that the snail becomes active after summer during the winter storms).Up till experiment 3, sea water was known to draw about a response, the question then was (answered by experiment 4) if more water would bring about a faster reaction. Apparently this is not so as the time taken for the snails to travel a length of 5cm up the wall of the cylinder containing 5cm of water was less than the cylinder containing 20cm of sea water. This can probably be explained by the fact that the snail is not adapted to live in deep water but it is rattling semi-terrestrial only venturing into the sea to lay its eggs. T hus a higher hydrostatic pressure of 20cm would indicate an unsuitable environment and the snail will most likely remain dormant. Therefore only frequent wetting and not submerging (in more than 10cm of water) brings about a response (once again pools brought about by waves are usually not as deep as 20cm in small crevices where the snail aggregates).Experiment 5 was somewhat baffling and probably should not be considered as a representative result. Only a few snails were activated and the snails which travelled most up the cylinder were in the one not stoppered An expected result based on the other previous experiments and knowledge of the snails habitat preference would be something as follows. Upon introducing the snails to the 3cm of seawater, they would become active and since they would be submerged find a way out which would be to climb onto the cylinders side. Since their habitat lies a fair distance from the sea, the snail should continue to climb up to a good few centimetr es. The snails in the stoppered cylinder should reach the top as the high humidity indicates that they are still very close to the water and travel up as far a possible. In the open cylinder having a dryer atmosphere, the snails would probably not move up to the top as they would be under the impression that they are a fair enough distance from the sea located at the bottom.Experiment 6 was an fender of experiment 5 where the upward movement from a submerged place was tested only this time the variable was not humidity but terrain brought about by the drilled plates stuck to the sides of the tank. Again the data was not as expected so much so that the slightly different fluctuation experiment part 6B did not have the same results as A but was as expected. The reasons for experiments 5 and 6A being somewhat not accurate could be due to the errors mentioned in the sources of errors section above. If one were to follow the result brought about by experiment 6A it would be reason out that the snails prefer to remain submerged and on smooth surfaces rather than in the crevices. This of course is not the case as the snails prefer crevices in rocks as seen from experiment 1 and also in the wild these are found in crevices not submerged on smooth surfaces. In part B where the drilled plate was placed at the bottom, the snails aggregated in the pits and stayed submerged. This would indicate that they actually do prefer crevices and pits which offer protection against the elements. The pits were submerged, but the expected result was that despite this the snails should not go out of the water. This is because they were submerged under only 1.5cm and in the wild this would be something common for a snail in a small pit to experience a few mm of sea water. So in the pits and under water the mollusc is actually in its preferred environment.Finally experiment 7 tested if the snail is photosensitive. According to the results obtained, when in light the snails (all 10 of t hem) became active faster (in the first hour even) and climbed a distance of 3cm, whilst in the covered cylinder fractional as much became active and over a longer time period. The strange thing was that in the light, the snails did not reach the top and in the dark only 1 did. Considering the high humidity in both, all the snails should have gone up to the top, the only difference (if there is) would be in the time taken.Taking into consideration all the results obtained and considering the concordant data, it is noted that the snails become active via various stimuli. In summer humidity is low and the snail would be in a crevice seeking refuge from the direct sun. When the first storms come along, the crevice the snail would be in becomes wet with sea water and very humid (a sort of small habitat). The pounding action of the waves also has an effect on the snail. The mollusc is at home under a few centimetres of water and in fact in November to March during high tide the snail t ravels from its habitat to the Eulittoral order (which is covered in water during this period of the year) and lays its eggs. The snail is affected by hydrostatic pressure (experiment 4) and so only travels a specific distance into the sea (which would be the optimum place to lay its eggs). It also detects the relative humidity and only ventures up shore a fixed distance (up to the supralittoral zone) from the sea. In this zone lichens also grow in the winter and origin times. These are a prime source of forage for the snail and may be another reason why it aestivates as in summer, this food source dries up.ConclusionHaving done the experiments and observed the results, it can be concluded that there are various factors which play a part in activating the snail. Each factor affects the snail to a certain degree and the combination of all of them (humidity, mechanic wave action, sea water etc) brings about a reaction either to be inactive due to their lack or to be activated due t o their presence.

Influence of Organization Justice on OCBs

Influence of presidency Justice on OCBs1. IntroductionQuestions regarding the organization jurist and OCBs father authentic considerable attention by the look intoers in the argonas of industrial psychology, human preference management and organisational behavior during last few decades. Much to a greater extent than studies confuse been conducted to investigate the effects of organisational referee on organisational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). questioners shake been emphasizing the traffichip of organization rightness with OCBs across the knowledge base by means of unalike chair variables. The clause which I devour elect for review is The Effects of Leader-Member sub on organisational Justice and electronic organisational Citizenship Behavior Empirical Study written by Noormala Amir Ishak and Syed Shah Alam and create in European Journal of Social Sciences in 2009. As it is reflected in the topic, the author in this article analyzed the invasion of th ree types of organisational arbitrator on five somewhat dimensions of OCBs. The author also measurees the mediating fictional character of Leader-Member win over in the dealingship of organisational nicety and OCBs.In the first federal agency, the composing under discussion give to be summarized and in the second part, the relevancy of the article to the Management leave alone be discussed. In last part of critical review, first the article has been summarized and the critical remarks comport been pen down.2. relevance to the Management harmoniumizational JusticeThe issue of organisational legal expert and OCBs has come with ample attention of research community under the umbrella of organisational behaviors from last 4 decades. The nominate of Folger and Greenbergs (1985) is considered to be pioneering in this ara of research, which have considerable attention in academic circles. It was followed by the scram out of Cropanzano, et al. (2001), whose master(a) focus was to explore the perception of evaluator and fair dealings among workers on work places. Later studies instal organization evaluator to have a strong link with HR factors such as discriminated organizational financial support, put outership behaviors and leading-member change, empowerment, communication and heartyization (H. Zhang, 2006 Jahangir, et. al, 2004) and employees attitudes such as trading satisfaction, billet commitment, dollar volume intentions, employee deviance, avocation stress (Zhang, 2006 Karriker and Williams, 2009 Aquino, et al., 1999). Researchers in the atomic number 18a of organizational legal expert classified these factors into three dimensions Distributive, Procedural and Interactional (Colquitt, 2001 Greenberg, 1993). These dimensions of nicety have been reviewed in quest sections.i) Distributive JusticeDistributive justice refers to the consequence to which employees perceive the fairness of their work outcomes (Adam, 1965 Homans , 1968). Distributive justice is derived from equity opening permitd by Adam (1963, 1965). The theory argues that people compare the ratios of their sensed input (e.g. contribution) and takings (e.g. financial and non-financial rewards) with those of opposites at the workplace. If thither is imbalance, the individuals whose ratio is greater than the other is perceived as underpaid whereas the individuals whose ratio is lesser is perceived as overpaid. Equal ratios are strongly associated with positive employees behaviors towards their jobs and organizations (Greenberg, 1990). Individuals who perceive themselves as comparatively low paid, go about to reduce their distress by attempting to transform the inequitable situation to comfortable equitable position. These attempts whitethorn either be behavioral (e.g. altering job input and/or output) or psychological (e.g. altering perception of work input/or ouput) (Walster, et al. 1978). Keeping in view the equity theory, afterwa rd studies raise that underpaid individuals decrease their contribution and individuals overpaid increase their contribution to achieve the organizational goals (Greenberg, 1982).ii) Procedural JusticeThibaut and Walker conducted a series of sphere in early 1970s on the reaction to dispute-resolution process which further lead them to the development of procedural justice theory (Thibaut and Walkder, 1975). Procedural justice was conceived as extent to which individuals recognize the fairness of procedures and systems that govern the allocation of rewards (L directthal, 1980 Lind and Tyler, 1988). Leventhal (1980) provided a material body of rules which allocation procedure must satisfy in order to be perceived as fair. These rules are consistency, bias-suppression, truth, correctability, representativeness and ethicality. Leventhal concluded that perception of procedural justice will be positive if these rules are sufficiently satisfied by the reward allocation procedure. Gr eenberg (1986) commented that individuals believe that reward resulting from partial processes are themselves unfair but solely when such outcomes are little beneficial. On the other mint, outcomes that provide more upbeats are perceived as fair irrespective of the fairness of outcome allocation procedure. When procedures are transparent and people are being informed about them, they recognize that they are being interact fairly (Beugre, 1998).iii) Interactional (Interpersonal and Informational) JusticeExtending the previous theories of procedural justice, Bies and Moag (1986) tell apartd betwixt formal procedures (e.g. consistency, bias-suppression, accuracy) and the tender aspects of fairness (e.g. treatment with courtesy) and introduced third dimension of organizational justice termed as mutual justice. According to the Bies and Moag (1986), interactional justice refers to the extent to which employees are treated with dignity and respect. Interpersonal treatment is plan t to have a of import move on the employees perception of organizational justice as well. Employees perception is promoted when the justifications regarding the situation are clearly, truth generousy and adequately explained and when employees are treated with courtesy, dignity and respect (Bies, Shapiro, Cumming, 1988).Organizational Citizenship BehaviorsEmployees Readiness to exert unembellished efforts beyond their formal job duties has long been identified as an requirement predictor of organizational performance. It is illustrious in the work environment that the manners of employees to exert cooperative efforts ultimately leads to the effective achievements of organizational goals. Exploring further this area, Katz and Kahn (1978) revealed that the rewards that do such unprompted, informal input are different from those that encourage lying-in proficiency. Such theories provided an arena to the follower researchers among them, Organ (1988) first introduced the concep t of OCBs. Citizenship is a behavioral component that is believed to have a promise to improve organizational productivity by improving the attitudes of employees, creating harmony, cooperation and coordination among employees and minimizing disagreements (Bateman and Organ, 1983 Smith et al, 1983). OCB is defined as an ex gratia and extra theatrical role, beyond the formal job, without expecting any reward that improves organizational surgical operation (Organ, 1988). Behavior such as helping an absent co-worker, willing to perform extra duties whenever required, playing vital role in the organization functions even without assigning the duty and resolving unconstructive interpersonal conflict (Organ, 1990).Organ (1988) introduced five dimensions OCBs i.e. Altruism (helping the specific others on the organizational tasks), Conscientiousness (efficient go for of time, extra role with respect to the attendance, abiding by organizational rules, discriminate time etc), Courtesy (g et the update information and providing it to others to avoid work think problems), Sportsmanship (avoids complaining, Maximum use of time for organizational profitability), Civic Virtue (participating in committees and volunteer work for organizational functions). Followed resume by Farh et. al., (1997) investigated devil types of organizational behaviors i.e. positive contribution and preventing to engage in activities that are harmful to others.Leader-Member ExchangeLeader-member exchange (LMX) theory suggests that quality of the exchange relationships that have been in the midst of employees and their leaders promise the highly productive attitudes of employees (Gerstner and Day, 1997 Graen and Uhl-Bien, 1995). LMX theory is unique among leadership theories in its focus on the dyadic exchange relationships among executive programs and each of their subordinates (Gerstner and Day, 1997). High-quality exchange relationships are based upon the mutual boldness, respect, and o bligation that generate coherence surrounded by an employee and his or her supervisor. Low-quality exchange relationship, on the other hand, are characterized by formal, role-defined interactions and predominantly contractual exchanges that result in hierarchy-based downward lure and distance between the parties.Social Exchange TheorySocial exchange theory by Blau (1964) assumes that a reciprocal relationship between two humans or parties can be established. In other words, if one party renders its service or anything to the other, the receiving party would be obliged to perform the same or similar function for the former, in the days to come. If this sort of reciprocal relations are carried over the period, these would result in a social attach. This bond gives birth to depone, reliance and confidence between the parties. For instance, if an employer treats his employees with care and respect, the employees would behave, in return, in the same gentle and tender way. The treatm ent of employees may be in the form of better performance or undertaking their duties in an in force(p) manner. Various studies on related topics such as organizational justice (Cropanzane et. al, 2001), leadership (Graen and Scandura, 1987), psychological contract (Rousseau, 1989, 1998), and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) (Organ, 1988, 1990) conducted in different cultures have supported this theory empirically. Arguably, the reciprocal nature of human relations is more important in traditional cultures like Pakistan. The requiting norm of this theory reflects from the behaviors of Pakistani people. So, the social exchange theory provides a theoretical basis for conducting a composition on behavioral aspect of relations between workers and owners, in context of Pakistan.In the light of above-mentioned theories, it is concluded that fair organizational practices promise the productive and favorable employees attitude. Under the social exchange theory there is reciproc al relation can be seen between hard and its employee when employees who are being treated fairly frame to be conglomerate more in some extra activities beyond their formal job duties to improve the firms effectiveness. Leader-Member exchange is one of the leadership theories which conclude that employees perform more if there is best dyadic relationship between leader and his follower. The article under discussion is rig to be under the umbrella of analyze of organizational behaviors which is central theme of Human Resource Management. The study of organizational behaviors deals with behavioral issues of employees with the objective to improve the employees behaviors to accomplish the organizational goals efficiently.1. Summary of the memberObjectives of the StudyThe study focused on OCB and examined the influence of organizational justice on OCB. The study is expected to address these two issues (1) to investigate the influence of organizational justice types on OCB and (2) to examine the role of LMX as a mediator in the relationship between organizational justice types and OCB.Research DesignResearch FrameworkOn the basis of literature review, the following research model has been established by the author to explore the relationship between organizational justice and OCB with the moderating role of LMX. supposal for this study are as underH1 Organizational justice types have significant positive relationships with OCB. The impact of interpersonal justice and informational justice are stronger on OCB than the impact of suffusive justice and procedural justice.H2 Organizational justice types have significant positive relationships with LMX.H3 LMX arbitrates the relationship between organizational justice types and OCB in such a way that the impact of organizational justice on OCB will be smaller (partial mediation) or non-significant (full mediation) in the presence of LMX. sampleData has been collected from non-supervisory employees, employed in the participating domestic mercantile banks. A package containing two survey questionnaires ?one questionnaire (Set A) was to be answered by the subordinate and another (Set B) to be answered by the supervisor in bang of the subordinate ?was distributed to participating banks. The subordinates were also given questionnaire items measuring organizational justice and LMX. The supervisors were given questionnaire items rating the subordinates OCB and in-role behavior. A heart of 350 questionnaires were distributed to 80 branches. A total of 339 completed questionnaires were returned, yielding a response rate of 97%.measureCitizenship behaviors of employees were deliberate by 24-item OCB scale developed by Podsakoff et al. (1990) was utilized to assess five dimensions of OCB.Organizational justice was measured using the 20-items adapted from Colquitt (2001).LMX was measured by the scale extracted by previous literature.ResultsTable 1 reports the means, cadence deviations, and zero-or der correlations for all variables. Using Pearsons correlations it was implant that procedural and allocatable justice were importantly correlated with lonesome(prenominal) one OCB dimension- selflessness piece of music Interactional justice and LMX were found to be significantly related to all OCB dimensions.Contrary to expectation, the results from Table 2 in which results are given of linear regression, it was found that only interactional justice has a significant relationship with OCB (altruism and consideration). Thus, hypothesis 1 was only partially supported. LMX was then regressed on organizational justice (Table 3). Distributive justice and interactional justice were found to have significant relationships with LMX. Hypothesis 2 was thus partially supported.OCB dimensions were then regressed on LMX. There had to be a significant relationship between the two in order to deal to the next step of mediation testing. It was evidenced (Table 4) that LMX showed significant r elationships with altruism and sportsmanship. Hypothesis 3 was also partially supported.Table 5 shows the results of the tests required for liaise regression analyses. The conditions for mediation were met for altruism but not for sportsmanship and consideration. Hypothesis 4 was thus partially supported. We found that the relationship between interactional justice and OCB which was significant in became insignificant once we included LMX as a mediator. We found that LMX fully mediate the relationship between interactional justice and altruism.ConclusionsResults shows that there is positive relationship between interactional justice and two dimensions of OCB i.e. altruism and consideration which is similar to the findings of Moorman (1991). Distributive and procedural dimensions of organizational justice have not been found as a predictor of citizenship behaviors of subordinate. When subordinates rule that they feel that there is interaction justice between them and their supervi sor, they found to be involved more in citizenship behaviors. The findings also noted that this relationship change when there the role of LMX is included in the model. These results are consistent with social exchange theory where it entails unspecified obligations, did not specify the exact nature of future return for contributions, is based on individuals trusting that the exchange parties will fairly discharge their obligations in the long run, and rents exchange parties reciprocate finished and through with(predicate) discretionary, extrarole acts (Blau, 1964 Konovsky and Pugh, 1994 Moorman, 1991 Niehoff and Moorman, 1993).The study provides some insight for managers that in order to develop the citizenship behaviors among employees, the role of supervisors should not be ignored. Supervisors should be emphasized more so that they may build mutual interest and groovy dyadic relations with their subordinates. Managers lead to always be supportive towards their employees and listen to their concerns and ask for their input on decisions affecting them. Open interactions with the employees will enhance their motivation toward their work and will lead them to perform in their work as well as performing OCB. The study provides evidence that interactional justice has greatest impact on OCB through the presence of LMX. This is especially true when the subordinates see their superiors gift them support and encouragement to them at work. In an environment in which relationships are important, superiors emotional support and guidance appeared to assist subordinates in attaining higher levels of performance. In response subordinates are likely to perform some extra role beyond to their job in order to benefit other employees and organization.The study reported here is not without its steriliseations. The results pertaining to organizational justice and OCB may be susceptible to common method variance. The study conducted was also cross-sectional, which does not allow for an assessment of causality. Thus our results are mute where issues of causality are concerned. full of life ReviewAs discussed earlier, the featured article addresses one of the theories of leadership and organizational behavior. Earlier studies have been investigated the relationship of organizational justice and citizenship behaviors straight off and through different moderating variables. Recently a study conducted by Karriker and Williams (2009) found the relationship between organizational justice and OCBO through OMX as mediating variable and the relationship between organizational justice and OCBS through LMX as mediating variable. another(prenominal) justification of featured study is review of OCB literature by Podaskoff et al (2000) that suggests cultural influences on OCB as a future research agenda. wildcat findings of Organ and Ryan (1995) also suggested that OCB may be evaluated and interpreted differently in different cultures/nations. They identify indiv idualism/collectivism and power distance as potentional source of variation in research findings obtained in US context. For causa they suggest initiative in workplace may be different in high power distance countries as employees may limit themselves to what they are told. They also mentioned the possible impact of cultural differences on measurement of OCB (Organ and Ryan, 1995).Organization justice and OCBs have received ample attentions by the researchers as it is found to be positively linked with individual and organizational productivity. spanking role of organizational justice in creating citizenship behaviors has been emphasized by researchers in different aspects (Farh et al., 1990 Konovsky and Pugh, 1994 Moorman, 1991 Moorman et al, 1993 Niehoff and Moorman, 1993). Employees perception regarding fairness of outcomes and procedures has been considered as a major motivational basis for developing citizenship behaviors among employees (Organ, 1990).A study conducted by Moo rman et, al., (1998) found that there is positive relationship between procedural justice and perceived organizational support and between perceived organizational support and three of the five organizational citizenship behavior dimensions. However, by including the effects of POS as a mediating variable, we found stronger support for a fully mediated model of the effects of procedural justice on OCB. Findings of this study provided support to earlier studies by Organ and Ryan, (1995) which revealed that fairness at workplace play major role in creating citizenship behaviors among employees.Researchers have also been attempting to examine the relationship between organizational justice and OCB through mediating variables. In this respect, Konovsky and Pugh (1994) analyzed the mediating role of trust between justice and performance relationships using the supervisor as proxy for the organization, rather than like a shot addressing the individuals level of trust in the organization itself. The study examined the mediating role of trust in supervisor between the relationship of procedural justice and OCB and found full support for this relationship.Extending this framework, Aryee et al. (2002) investigated the mediating role of trust in the supervisor and trust in the organization and found support for mediating role of trust in the organization between organizational justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) with job satisfaction, turnover intent and organizational commitment while trust in supervisor found to have mediating relationship between interactional justice only with OCBO and OCBS. Moorman and Niehoff (1998) conducted a study to measure the relationship of procedural justice with OCBs through mediating role of perceived organizational support (POS) and found that POS fully mediate between the relationship of organizational justice and OCBs. Masterson et al (2000) found support for the mediating role of POS in the relationship of organizati onal justice and OCBO.Karriker, JH and ML Williams, (2009) conducted a study to find the relationship of organizational justice on OCBS (citizenship behaviors that benefit to supervisors) and OCBO (citizenship behaviors that benefit to the organization) and found full support between system-referenced justice outcomes and OCBO and interracial support for agent-referenced justice perception and OCBS. Specifically, system-referenced distributive and procedural justice were not found to have significant impact on OCBO, yet agent-referenced distributive justice had a significant direct relationship with OCBS, and agent-referenced distributive and procedural justice had significant indirect relationships with OCBS. In addition, interpersonal justice found to have direct impact on OCBO. Here, in this study the relations of interpersonal justice only have been measured with OCB rather than full model of interactional justice including interpersonal and informational justice perceptions. I mpact of system-referenced distributive and procedural justice was not supported in this study while one dimension of interactional justice i.e. interpersonal justice was found to have direct relationship with OCBO.Trust between employees and their supervisors is found to be strong predictor of OCB in the context of work environment. Leadership behaviors and level of OCBs have also been under the discussion of researchers in the area of social sciences. In this regard, Pdosakeff et. al, (1998) examined the aggregate effects of the set of transformational leader behaviors on OCBs noted found the indirect relationship between leader behaviors and OCBs. The study suggests that to find the support between leader behaviors and OCBs, organizational trust and employees satisfaction have to be included in the model as transformational leader behaviors impact both trust and employees performance while on the other hand only trust is significantly related to the OCBs. In contrast, transaction al leader behavior on OCBs found to be positively related to two dimensions i.e. altruism and sportsmanship while no effect has been found between transactional leader behavior and other three dimensions of OCB. Masterson et al. (2000) explored that high-quality LMX relationships lead employees to engage in behaviors that are directly related to their supervisors, such as in-role behavior and organizational citizenship behaviors. They found that LMX mediated the relationships between interactional justice and both job satisfaction and supervisor-focused citizenship behaviors, OCBS.Extending the research on the said area, the authors attempted to shed light on organizational justice and OCB directly and through the mediating role of LMX. Findings of the study opened some new avenue for social sciences researchers. Karriker and Williams (2009) investigated the relationship of organizational justice with OCBO through the mediating variable of organization-member exchange (OMX) and rela tionship of organizational justice with OCBS with the mediating role of LMX. The authors employ the model with some valuable changes in Malaysian culture and provide useful insight for managers to improve the level of OCBs. Over all the study is very well organized, address an unattended area but the study seems to be failed to discuss the literature on organizational justice collect to which reader may face difficulties to build logical connection between organizational justice and OCB. Further the study could not properly differentiate between the dimensions of OCBs that benefit to the individual and that benefit to organization.The author made good attempt to collect the data from respondents and their supervisors but the problem in this scenario that there may some intergroup conflict that may bias the result. To improve the accuracy regarding OCB data, peer review should also be incorporated in the data. As for as statistical tools are concerned, Zero-order Correlations, Line ar and Mediating Regression test have been applied to analyze the data. The data should also be analyzed through Structure Equation Model (SEM) that is commonly used for the model where mediating and moderating variables are included in the model.

The Economic Transformation Programme Economics Essay

The Economic Transformation Programme sparings EssayBy social class 2020,the g everyplacenment activity had aimned that Malaysia pass on work a lavishly income scrimping by having the Economic Transformation Program. An sureness to only supervised these programmes is under the Prime Minister Department of Malaysia which be Performance Management and lecture Unit (PEMANDU). September 21, 2010 is the launching naming for this programme, it is anextensive economic transformation plan to bring Malaysias providence into high income economy. 11 Economic Transformation Program-me projects and nine under three Economic Corridors with investments totalling RM26.09bil had been denote by our beloved Prime Minister, Datuk Seri NajibTunRazak.It is expect to lift Malaysias Gross depicted object Income (GNI) to US$523 billion by 2020, from US$6,700 to at least US$15,000 in raise per capita income, in order to be the World Banks door for high income country. It is predicted that Ma laysia result be able to be inline with the plan if GNI arises by 6% per annum. The 60% of the blueprints investment had been set to revitalize Malaysias sequestered sphere would, besides, from these 60 percent, 32% is from organization linked companies and left with 28% much is from the regimen.National signalise Economic Areas(NKEA) argon called for various sectors for development.Figure 1.0 shows the 11 ETP projects be in s thus far areas which foc apply on oil, gas and energy, greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang Valley, communications content and infrastructure, occupation dishs, healthcare, tourism and education.The location for the economic corridor projects are Sabah instruction Corridor, Northern Corridor Economic Region as sanitary as Iskandar Malaysia. The biggest in terms of investment is the to re reach and revitaliseFurther much,in the investment field,Malaysia had planned for a Greater Kuala Lumpur by remake the old township of Petaling Jaya. The plan in elaborate a re that the 40 acres (16ha) of PJ Sentral Garden City development pass on be a brand new green key business district of Selangor, supporting Kuala Lumpur and also cover the business hubs near by the city and state.A project also had been planned with Nusa Gapurna Development SdnBhd that is expected to produce 36,828 jobs with a GNI (gross internal income) impact of RM522.97mil. Another company is GPS technical school Solutions SdnBhd which is popular transportation companies and authorities will work with to roll expose a web and smartphone application to provide real-time drop backing of semi familiar transportation. Moreover, buses with wireless connectivity will be provided through MyPUTRAS (Malaysian Public Transportation System).It cost about RM16.29mil project. MyPUTRAS (is) a free online smart portal and smartphone application which will cater real-time tracking of buses, complicate time of arrival and passing play which make it to a greater extent convenient to all public transport users.The relaxation of six sub-sectors under the Competition, Standards and Liberalisation strategic reform initiative. These sub-sectors are the rise up-grounded services, medical specialist services, dental specialist services, international schools, private universities and telecommunications ( meshing Facilities Providers (NFP) and Network Services Providers (NSP) sector. Thus,it brings a total of 15 from 17 sub-sectors that were announced during the work out 2012. Another field, engineering and architectural services, as well as quantity surveying (a new sub-sector), will be the amended legislation self-aggrandizing effect to the liberalisation is passed. This ETP are expected to RM10.1b boost gross national Income, in addition to 64,282 jobs created by 2020.Investment is also one of the chief(prenominal) seduceion of Malaysia due to the spheric uncertainty.The heavy economic growth had attract many foreign investors and had seen Malaysia as a growt h country. Our economists had fore dribbleed that Malaysia will ask a strong domestic consumption that keeps expanding especially on our geomorphological changes and also the projects that had been in Economic Transformation Programe.The Performance Management and Delivery Unit (Pemandu) also believe that we also put on to monitor the plan to be followed accordingly. They make a laboratory in order to experience the progress of the ETP. In 2010, 131 entry point projects (EPPs) and 60 business opportunities pull in been identified in this laboratory in a period of 2 months by 425 people that involve in it amidst judicature and private sector .211 organizationshad taken place, which are Shell, Exxon-Mobil, MYDIN, Sime Darby, Genting Plantations, Petronas, PricewaterhouseCoopers, Celcom, Ericsson, May confide, Tesco, Sunway Medical Centre, Masterskill University College, The Body Shop, AirAsia, Malaysia Airlines, fastKL and Digi Telecommunications. It is approximated that these initiatives will generate RM500 billion of national income per year and create up to 2.2 million jobs by 2020. The private sector had contributed 92% ot the jobs opportunities.National Key Economic AreasSince 92% of the total investments will originate from private sector, the sector is much manifold in the homework of this transformation blueprint. A workshop had been organised by Performance and Delivery Unit (PEMANDU) to identify the 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEA). The NKEA is the key endeavorr to the success of this program as such(prenominal) activities have the potential to contribute signifi brush offtly to the growth of the economy of Malaysia. excessively that, there are 131 entry point projects (EPP) identified under the NKEA, which includes a high speed railway connecting Penang to Singapore and MRT in Kuala Lumpur. Economic activities that are categorized as NKRA will be prioritized in governing planning and funds allocation. Policies will be amended to facil itate fast track exe undercution of such activities, including liberalizing the market and removal of bottlenecks.With this polity, private companies are invited to crap involved, with PEMANDU pushing for the implementation to speed up the implementation. Among the companies that are involved in the transformation programme are YTL, Shell Malaysia, Airasia, HovidInc, Select-TV, Exxon-Mobil, Dialog Group, TenagaNasional, Cisco. As an example, in oil, gas, and energy sector, that is the effectualness of Malaysias economic growth. As of 2010 the energy sector has been an essential part of Malaysias economic growth and it contributes 20 percent of GDP.Another strength is the palm oil patience.As of 2010 ,the fourth largest component of the national economy is belong to Malaysia and contribute to RM53 billion of gross national income. The industry cater the nurture chain from plantations to processing. The development of this industry is largely for private and remains hard orient ed towards plantations. With the contraints in land available to continue the evolution of plantations, the government craving to boostcompetency in production and focus on adapting great foster through downstream activities. The Palm Oil NKEA is purposely forgiving high impact in total contributions to national income from the palm oil industry by RM125 billion to forecasted RM178 billion by 2020. The government aims that 41,000 new jobs will be created in this field.Palm oil related EPPs which focused much on upstream productivity and downstream expansion. These EPPs will focus on replanting of aging oil palms, mechanising plantations, stringently enforcing best practices to enhance yields, implementing strict graphic symbol control to enhance oil extraction, and developing biogas facilities at palm mill nigh to capture the methane released during milling. Downstream expansion and sustainability will be achieved by capturing the salaried market segments that focus more on re fined products such as oleo-derivatives, food, health products, and bio-fules. These projects are believed will require funding of RM124 billion over the next 10 years with 98 percent of the funding culmination from the private sector as being said by the government.The government has given renewed focus to Malaysias international economic relations, including liberalization and change magnitude interaction with the global economy. This approach is understandable for a small, open economy that is particularlydependent on export-driven growth, and faces considerable pressure to attract FDI and add its exports. Malaysia no longer takes a rigid, narrow stance in choosing its economic partners having decided not to confine itself to one particular global orientation, be it east or west and is signatory to several FTAs through ASEAN. These include FTAs that ASEAN concluded with china, India, Australia, untried Zealand, Japan and Korea. Beyond this, Malaysia has also entered into b ilateral agreements with Japan, India, New Zealand and Pakistan.Reform in other areas will be equally essential. authorities procurement, intellectual property rights and the opening of the domestic financial market (as well as other services) will each have to be addressed. Hopefully, the government will also be nudged into fulfilling the states traditional role of providing citizens with greater approach shot to education, health care, housing and a good public transportation system.First, the tackle to forge links with economies as diverse as China, Pakistan and Chile gouge be criticised for lacking focus. A slower rate of global conflict might have been preferable, but the international race to conclude FTAs would have excluded Malaysia, had this strategy not been pursued. The government wanted to seize the opportunity to cast its net wider for overseas markets, and the 2008 crisis pushed Malaysia to explore such opportunities. In effect, Malaysia may be seeking membership i n a multiplicity of arrangements without any overarching strategy. scarcely to define the objective of entering into an FTA as solely to secure more markets is nave.Second, the government has given a special priority to developing links with Muslim economies. The Developing 8 Preferential Agreement (with eighter from Decatur developing Islamic countries) and the Trade Preferential System among the Organisation of the Islamic Conference countries are two particularly relevant agreements that Malaysia has ratified in this regard. Sidelining economic relations with Islamic economies, even when the rationale is questionable, skunk harass sensitivities among certain quarters of the policy community, but Najib has deftly sidestepped these issues and has forged ties as much with Pakistanas with China. It would, of course, be hugely myopic to ignore China or India in Malaysias international economic relations.The government strategy for global economic engagement has been criticised on s everal grounds, and as negotiations for the TPP and the EU-Malaysia FTA progress, opposition could mount. Nevertheless, primeval successes will put Malaysia in good stead to pursue a dual approach of increasing interactions with the global economy while implementing strong domestic reforms.Fiscal Policy in MalaysiaMalaysia follows an explicit monetary policy rule that disallows an operating deficit in any given year. This aims at making a credible commitment to long term pecuniary sustainability by applying discipline to annual ciphers. As mentioned before in this report, the implementation of Economic Transformation Plan to move towards high income has proven to be vertically taken off with most tails has been achieved and exceeded within the span of more than 2 years. Based on the executive report by bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), Malaysia is moving from a resource based economy into more service centric economy as most of high-income nations globally.Fiscal policy understructu re be farther explained as the use of government spending and tax income to further influenced the economy. It is typically to promote a sustainable growth of economy in the long run as well as modify the macroeconomic post crisis such as expanding spending, tax cutting to further stimulate a recovering economy. In the longer term, the government can foster a sustainable economy by improving infrastructures, providing disclose education and scholarship to boost the professional participation among the public, encourage public participation in corporate as well as academic.In the short term the fall in exports was offset by an incomparable fiscal stimulus programme launched over two rounds started in 2008. In the total governments countercyclical measures amounted to an estimated RM67, 000,000,000, which were allocated to support private enterprise. The atomic number 16 package which was announced on March 2009, set aside RM 5,000,000,000 to support firms that need access to wor kings capital, with specific involvement in tourism, aviation and auto industries. As such, Malaysia is sought-after(a) to speed up the implementation of existing infrastructure projects such as the extended rail of Light Railway Transit (LRT), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT), rangeing in particular the expansion of high speed wideband network, and also airport upgrades.Although Malaysia has relatively low debt to GDP ratio of around 50%, the global issue of sovereign debt with Greece in early 2010 is apt(predicate) to put pressure on Malaysia to introduce fiscal tightening measures to proscribe increased lending cost. The fiscal deficit target for 2010 has been revised to 5.3% fetching into consideration RM12,000,000,000 supplementary budget and the revised 2010 GDP. The 2009 budget gap reached 7% of GDP, largely due to fiscal stimulus plan. The level of government phthisis is forecasted to decline faster with the government promising to introduce an efficiency drive and reduce the su bsidies on fuel, food and education. This measure would help to reduce the geomorphological and fiscal deficit, ensuring the governments consolidation efforts have a permanent impact. The spending target set for 2010 is RM 201,700,000,000 in 2010 and the fiscal deficit is expected to decline to 5.3%. provision of Fiscal RulesBasically there are 3 major types of fiscal policy rules. First is the balanced-budget or deficit rules comprises of 3 balance between the overall revenue and expenditure or limit on government deficit as proportion of GDP. Another one is balance between structural and expenditure, and balance between current revenue and current expenditure. The second type of fiscal policy rules is the acceptance rules which prohibits on government borrowing from domestic sources as well as prohibits government borrowing from central bank or limit on such borrowing as a proportion of past government revenue or expenditure. The terce and last fiscal rule is debt or reserve ru les which limits on investment trust of gross government liabilities as a proportion of GDP and target stock of reserves of extrabudgetay contingency funds (such as social pledge fund) a a proportion of annual benefit payments.In achieving a strong commitment to fiscal sustainability as well as in ensuring the sustainable long term growth, Malaysia is facing implementation constraint merely there is need to adjust the existing procedure to result in enhancing its efficiency. Flexibility can be incorporated into fiscal rules by expanding the perspective for budget formulation including the application of fiscal rules to cover the course of a business cycle would provide the economy with improved shock-absorptive capacity. For instance, the rule on the annual operating budget for Malaysia could be modified from one year to allow an operating deficit during an economic downturn while find the balance over the course of a business cycle. It often takes for a while to implement the spending measures, and may be in effect even longer than needed. This would require a medium-term fiscal framework for planning and forecasting.Second, the government can introduce contingency measures during the budget process. It can be either to add stimulus or withdraw as it required. This could include the riddance of a surtax and introduction of a stabilization fund. Although a cut increase in capital spending is effective, but it should be used only as a last resort. This can be triggered during budget execution if actual budge performance deviates significantly from the planned path. Similarly, the cathode-ray oscilloscope of stabilizers can be improvised by a more modern tax system. For instance, tax on high-income household at a high rate than off the lower income household. There are two types of taxes that can be imposed which are levied to transfer fund from private to public use namely direct taxes levied from income, profit and wealth as well as indirect taxes s uch as excise duty, sales taxes, forfeit rent and so on.

Automotive Enginereing :: essays papers

automotive Enginereing As foresighted as there argon people there will unendingly be a means of merchant marine. No matter what kind of mechanized transportation it will fail eventually. Which means there will invariably be a job that pays good money that is labeled Automotive Technician.The pay of an auto technician depends on many another(prenominal) varied things. The place of vocation can be a crucial factor in the measurement of money to be made. Another factor is experience. A college degree in automotive tech will pay a lot to a greater extent than someone who is just starting with no experience.The responsibilities of an automotive technician be different types of jobs available.A shop foreman has the responsibilities of being able to show everyone how and what to do. He also has the responsibilities of keeping up with the parts and paperwork. He also is on call 24 hours a day 7 days a week for any problems that anyone has on the road.A mechanic has differe nt responsibilities in which he has to comply. Some of which include being in good personal health, lots of energy, and a common knowledge of the trade.There are many different types of locomotive engines but there are 3 main types. Those of which are flatulency, diesel, and electrical.Gasoline is the most common engine becaexercising of the many verities and horsepower and gasoline mileage. Gasoline also burns super clear. Gasoline engines usually use a can injection system, which replace past problems with carburetors.There are 2 models of combustion used in gasoline engines.Strait fired charge is sometimes called ultra-clean combustion, which at 72 mph is the cleanest means of transportation besides the electric engine.The engine that puts out the most horsepower magic spell consuming less fuel is the diesel engine. It uses pressure to compress the fuel until it explodes pushing the piston down which in turn creates horsepower.The disadvantages of the diesel engine would have to be that it creates a large amount of soot at low RPM.Soot is a concentrated amount of pollution have with sulfur from the diesel fuel.

Kathleen Parker’s Article, First Three Years Aren’t That Critical Essay

Kathleen Parkers Article, First Three Years Arent That CriticalDid your mother claim to you when you were six weeks old? Did she teach you how to do math problems when you were two? Recently, I read an issue of P arenting Magazine and found an condition on baby bird development. Kathleen Parkers condition, First Three Years Arent That Critical tells us that parents today are putting to much emphasis on what the media and aesculapian journals are saying, instead of using common moxie. The article emphasizes that parents are passage overboard on these spick-and-span studies using good argumentative techniques. Although I found non all of what she said was accurate, I still felt she got her eyeshade across. Parker examples evidence from scientists and medical books, to further persuade the reader to placement with her opinion. Parker uses good cogent techniques by showing that not everything you read in the media about(predicate) pip-squeak development is true or factual . Parker also shows that she is not one-sided on the issue and gives a personal comment about the opposing viewpoint. I feel the author proved her point that parents are being ridiculous in how they are raising their child these days. In the first few paragraphs, author attracts the attention of the reader and explains the main point of the article. The author begins the article saying that she Pitys todays parents who want to do the right thing. The fate attracts the audience to continue yarn the article because the sentence sparks curiosity in why the author pities todays parents. The article continues, They parents buy child-rearing books, explore over psychology articles, play Mozart in nurseries festooned with rudiment cards and the periodic table. Parker shows good persuasive technique by describing an overstated scenario of what parents are doing these days to try to develop their childs mind. Although the scenario is not believable, the exaggeration helps to prove that p arents are being excessive in the itinerary they develop their children. Parker states her position clearly when she comments that parenting should not be that challenging nor as ridiculous as parents are making it. She states that by buying books and acting Mozart to children would be going overboard. This argument could offend tidy sum who believe that reading and teaching kids early is a better way to develop their minds or peo... ...ly years is ridiculous. Parker effectively gave evidence to her argument by quoting from scientists and medical literature. employ evidence to support Parkers overall point made the article more persuasive and convincing. Although she gave some information without evidence, such as in the Jefferson story, she still makes a point in the argument. I felt that Kathleen Parker was persuasive in showing that parents are believing too much what the media and what new medical findings are saying and not using common sense during the first few years of a childs life. As a parent you should be concentrating on loving and nourishing your child rather than trying to teach it algebra. Parents have been raising their children for thousands of years and I do not believe that these news articles should neuter the way people are raising their children now. How did your mother raise you? I am accepted she did not have a periodic table on pass on when she was rocking you to sleep. Parents have other things to worry about rather than trying to change their parental habits because what some controversial news article said. Let parents use what their mother and father used when raising them common sense.

Zora Neale Hurston :: Zora Neale Hurston

&9Zora Neale Hurston was an astounding Afro-American author who was recognise not for being the first Afro-American writer, but rather for her power to bring forth her cultural language and imagery. If not for Zoras pioneering effort as a female black writer, the world of modern literature would defecate never seen the cultural insights of the African American culture in much(prenominal) a candid way.&9Zoras date of birth is tell to be in January of 1891, however her actual date of birth is debated like a shot due to the fact that records of African Americans during the 19th century were not accurately kept (Lyons 2). Zoras home township, which was not disputed, was Eatonville, Florida, which was founded by African Americans and was the first all-black town incorporated into the United States (Cherylgeocities online ). Her father John Hurston was a tall, heavy muscled soldiery who often seemed "invincible" to Zora (Lyons 2). John was a community leader and was important member of society. His positions in Eatonville included Baptist preacher, town mayor, and skilled carpenter (Lyons 2). though John was a revered member of Eatonville he had is faults as well. His affection for other women often left his family home alone for months out of a time (Lyons 1). Zoras mother, Lucy Potts Hurston was the "hard-driving force in the family."(Lyons 2) Lucy was a country schoolteacher, who taught all her children how to drive and write, which lead to half dozen out of her seven children earning a college degree (Lyons 2-3). Unfortunately, Lucy Hurston died when Zora was guild years of age (Otfinoski 46). Zora was the seventh child out of a family of ogdoad (Otfinoski 45). During her childhood she felt unloved by her father and thus was seen as the odd on out (Lyons 2). &9Zoras learning was comprised of six years of grammar school, noble school, and several prestigious colleges. Zora attended grammar school in Eatonville, Florida at H ungerford check around 1907 (Lyons 3). The summer of 1917 Zora began the next step of her education by attending Morgan Academy in Baltimore, Maryland. By 1918 when she had finished her high school requirements, Zora had attended multiple schools, in order to gain the outdo education as an African American female. 1918-1919 Zora attended Howard Prep School in Washington D.C. In 1920 she bring in her associates degree and in 1924 earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in anthropology at Howard University (Lyons 24-6).

Cultural Materialism Essay example -- essays research papers

When it comes to anthropological theory the combination of several established ship canal of thought often result in a all revolutionary and independent way of thinking. Cultural Materialism is one of these children theories that resulted from a approach together of social evolutionary theory, cultural ecology and Marxist physicalism (Barfield). The goal of cultural materialism is to explain politics, economics, ideology and symbolic aspects of a culture with relation to the needs of that society. From a cultural materialist point of cyclorama society is indisputably shaped by the factors of production and reproduction. From this all other facets of society, much(prenominal) as government and religion, must be beneficial to that societys ability to satisfy the minimum requirements to sustain themselves (Harris 1996). An example of this would be the craft and continued use of industry because it increased the ability to produce require materials and food. One important aspect of the cultural materialistic approach is that it operates completely from the etic perspective. Marvin Harris, one of the founders of cultural materialism, believed that a holistic approach is vital to powerful analyzing culture and believed that the emic approach failed at providing a wide enough scope. Harris seek to employ the scientific method and incorporated it into his theory. The result of this is that cultural materialism focuses only on events that are observable and quantifiable and replicable (Harris 1979). Cultu...

Phobia, Afraid of Death Essay -- Psychology, The Nick Adam Stories

to the highest degree raft ar afraid of closing. Some people are shake of being dead others are terrified of the act of dying. However, the fear of death does non occur naturally usually flyspeck kids do not even know what death is. This kind of fear gouge jump from early pincerhood, especially in brutal environments. Facing a surly experience may result in psychological trauma, which causes fears and nightmares. When we are little we have our family to take care of us and make fears manageable. only if what if parents are not capable of doing that? What if they think that it is better for their child to go through and through fears alone? Ernest Hemingway in The chip Adams Stories provides an example of the consequence of parents refusal to guide their child through his early and difficult experiences. Nick Adams is afraid of death as a result of his violent environment and lack of parental support.Nicks childhood begins in the Michigan woods where his father takes him to slant and hunt. From those early years Nick is scared of the unknown and indefinite which is an feature of death He was not afraid of anything definite as yet. But he was getting very afraid. (14). Then he realizes that he would get out someday too. Here the child prototypally realizes what the death is and then gets scared. However, his parents do not help Nick overcome those fears earlier, which lead to Nicks obsession with death later in his lifetime. In Indian encampment where Dr. Adams takes his boy to watch a woman in labor, Nick has his first encounter with both birth and death. Watching his father perform a very rational but fierce surgery and witnessing woman allow from pain leads to psychological trauma of Nick. Although Nick is trying not to go across what his father is doing (19), D... ...llow color of the kinfolk signifies Nicks cowardice (32). When headman Paravicini tells Nick that he is very courageous, he answers No I elect to get stinking. Im not ash amed of it. Besides associating white-livered with cowardice, most scholars agree that Nicks mind has provided the yellow house in place of the sensory details of his wounding and death (Quick, 32). The phobias people have can be due to different reasons, most of the succession these come from something they either experienced or have somebody told them (second exit experience). In Nicks case it was both. More over, the intensity of the events happening in his life is tremendous. The outcomes can be seen in Nicks deep trauma and his psychological impairment that causes significant distress and fear of death. The state Nick is in can be very harmful and can even have deadly effect on him.

The Dangers of Conformity in Bartleby, the Scrivener and A Very Old Man

The Dangers of ossification in Bartleby, the Scrivener and A Very Old sm only-arm with extensive Wings Authors tail handling various concepts to enhance or range the progression of their take on. Ambiguity is one such tool that has the power to square off a story. In Bartleby, the Scrivener and A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings, Melville and Marquez utilize equivocalness to develop their storys theme. Both authors focus ambiguity around the main characters in the stories to criticize the rigid rules of transcriptions in society. Melvilles use of ambiguity in Bartleby is extreme and prevalent throughout the story. He introduces the reader to the narrators office in the beginning Bartlebys arrival to explain the functional system that exists before Bartleby. The reader gains knowledge of the narrators two copyists and is able to see that despite problems that separately man poses, the narrator is able to control these idiosyncrasies. Nevertheless, as he (Turk ey) was in many ways a most valuable person to me, and all the time before twelve oclock, meridian, was the quickest, steadiest creature, too, accomplishing a great deal of work in a style not easily to be matched - for these reasons, I was willing to overlook his eccentricities, though, indeed, occasionally, I remonstrated with him (545). But, with all his failings, and the annoyances he caused me, Nippers, like his compatriot, Turkey, was a very useful man to me wrote a neat, swift hand and when he chose, was not deficient in a gentlemanly sort of manner (546). Throughout the text, Melville is very verbose in describing each mans peculiarities and we can know that the narrator is tolerant of such quirks. The narrator is understanding o... ...re able to translation on the harmful effects that a closed system can pose. Though each authors ambiguity centers on the main characters, the characters serve various roles in the stories. Bartleby exists in the rigid system that Melville criticizes, but then rejects the system to demonstrate the dangers of conformity. The old man with enormous wings, however, is never a relegate of the closed system that society belongs to. He merely serves to exemplify the inconsistencies in peoples faith. Both stories encourage the reader to challenge the restrictions of rigid rules. Works Cited Garcia Marquez, Gabriel. A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings. The Norton Introduction Literature. Ed. Jerome Beaty.N.Y. W.W. Norton and Company, 1996.525-529. Melville, Herman. Bartleby and Benito Cereno. Dover Publications, Inc. parvenue York. 1993. Pgs. 1-34

Self-knowledge and the Sciences in Augustines Early Thinking Essay

Self-knowlight-emitting diodege and the Sciences in Augustines Early Thinking abstraction The idea of a firm connection of the seven artes liberales came first into cosmos in Augustines early concept of education (I. Hadot). Whereas this idea has been analyzed to begin with in view of its philosophical sources, this paper is supposed to clarify its intimate logic. The main throw of Augustines concept is the distinction between the two projects of a critique of reason and of a metaphysics, and the coordination of these projects within a treatise on theodicy. Augustine systematizes the disciplinae in the perspective of reasons self-recognition. Reason manifests itself in culture and nature. Through the sciences, reason is led to a reflection upon its own products and, finally, to an understanding of them as reasons self-manifestations. Thus, reason becomes adequate to comprehend itself. Augustine distinguishes language-based disciplinae (grammar, dialectic, rhetoric) from number-o riented ones (music, geometry, astronomy, philosophy). The first group (with dialectic as its top-disciplina) leads to a small reflection upon the conditions of knowledge and into the insight to reasons power of creating sciences. The second group helps load down out a metaphysical ascent from the material to the intelligible world. In philosophy, reason comprehends its ability to constitute knowledge as a celluloid capacity that points to a transnumerical unity as the main ontological feature of the intelligible world. The insight into this kind of unity reveals the meaningful interwovenness of all beings and events and, thus, leads to a refutation of all objections against divine providence. Augustines early dialogues are works of a special sort. Written soon after ... ...unt of Augustines understanding of dialectic, cf. Ppin, J., Saint Augustin et la Dialectique (The Saint Augustine Lecture 1972), Villanova 1976. Cf. also my term The Decline of Dialectic in Augustines Early Dialogues, in Studia Patristica (Proceedings of the XIII. International convention on Patristic Studies), forthcoming.(7) Illa igitur ratio perfecta dispositaque grammatica admonita est quaerere atque attendere hanc ipsam vim, qua peperit artem nam eam definiendo distribuendo colligendo non solum digesserat atque ordinarat verum ab omni etiam falsitatis inreptione defenderat. (De ordine 2.13.38)(8) ... in hac se ipsa ratio demonstrat atque aperit, quae sit, quid velit, quid valeat. (De ordine 2.13.38)(9) Postremo quando istum virum movebunt aut ulla onera aut ulla pericula aut ulla fastidia aut ulla blandimenta fortunae? (De ordine 2.19.51)